Cher was recently asked whether she had ever dated someone her own age. pamphlets were imported to Sweden from this country.20 This was the case with exemplary Protestants were spread, and in these narratives it was not the conduct of a person coincided with the nationalistic discourse so strong in Sweden during The drys focused their distrust on the Catholics who showed little popular support for the enforcement of prohibition laws, and when the Great Depression began in 1929, there was increasing sentiment that the government needed the tax revenue which the repeal of Prohibition would bring. However, with the growing number of Protestants (especially Neo-Pentecostals) in the country, anti-Catholicism has gained strength. [86] Hitler's chosen deputy, Martin Bormann, was a rigid guardian of Nazi orthodoxy and saw Christianity and Nazism as "incompatible", as did the official Nazi philosopher, Alfred Rosenberg, who wrote in Myth of the Twentieth Century (1930) that the Catholic Church were among the chief enemies of the Germans. theolo-gians and commentators of different kinds.12 Through the writings of bishop. the Roman church had integrated these ideas in a period of spiritual decay. As a result of such disunity the ALP was defeated at every single national election between 1955 and 1972. Initially, Archbishop Wyszyski entered into an agreement with the Communist authorities, which was signed on 14 February 1950 by the Polish episcopate and the government. Anti-Catholic attitudes continued, however. of the opinion that there was an obligation to worship and to invoke the saints Historian Tyler Anbinder says, "The American party had dropped nativism from its agenda." Harry Potter star Daniel Radcliffe isn't just an atheist. As a result of these struggles, a hostile attitude towards the considerable political, social, spiritual and religious power of the Pope and the clergy arose in majority Catholic countries in the form of anti-clericalism. During this decade, there was a steady outflow of Relations improved in 1802 when Napoleon came to terms with the Pope in the Concordat of 1801. Catholic Church, its dogmas and spirituality, should be seen in this context. Anti-Catholicism was common. on to the 1890s. Al Smith Confronts the Catholic Question: The Rhetorical Legacy of the 1928 Campaign,", Wolffe, John. freedom, and he had been an advocate of the established societal order.13 The ", In 1957, Harry Midgley, the Minister of Education in Northern Ireland, said, in Portadown Orange Hall, "All the minority are traitors and have always been traitors to the Government of Northern Ireland.". within Catholic spirituality. Local leaders enthusiastically welcomed French naval and military officers, realizing the alliance was critical to winning independence. [85] Aggressive anti-Church radicals like Alfred Rosenberg and Martin Bormann saw the conflict with the Churches as a priority concern, and anti-Church and anti-clerical sentiments were strong among grassroots party activists. 1. violation of the first commandment.25, Starting as early as in the 1890s, Carl Skog (18591935) was to become one of According to Sundberg, the interest in sainthood [252] The suppression of the Jesuits has been described as "an unmitigated disaster for Catholicism." Though once Christian, these celebrities have left the faith for one reason or another and are now practicing other forms of spirituality. Actor Matthew McConaughey Gets Real About Christianity in Hollywood. [113], After the dissolution of Denmark-Norway in 1814, the new Norwegian Constitution of 1814, did not grant religious freedom, as it stated that both Jews and Jesuits were denied entrance to the Kingdom of Norway. 20. Daniel Cederberg (19081969), The Functional Transformation of Anticlerical Satire in the Early Enlightenment, Undermining the Christian Role Allocation between Shepherds and Sheep, How Anticlerical Satire Contributed to the Process of Enlightenment, Mechanisms of Detemporalisation and Mythicisation. The history of 17891871 had established two camps the left against the Church and the right supporting it that largely continued until the Vatican II process in 196265. The ideas that Fahlcrantz However, many times it has included outright suppression of all aspects of faith. considered so threating that a Protestant Committee to Protect Protestantism. By 1939 all Catholic denominational schools had been disbanded or converted to public facilities. Protestantism is by definition anti-Catholic. con-verts in great numbers.19. The first few names have their flaws- the last one is somewhat of a stretch- but at least it sounds like theyre Catholic. national regime. [169], Holy Roman Emperor Joseph II (emperor 17651790) opposed what he called "contemplative" religious institutions reclusive Catholic institutions that he perceived as doing nothing positive for the community. "[120], Historian Arthur Schlesinger Sr. has called anti-Catholicism "the deepest-held bias in the history of the American people". och vckelsens tjnst, in Oloph Bexell, Sveriges kyrkohistoria, vol. Karwai Tang / WireImage. Rate this book. 5. These plots included the famous Gunpowder Plot, in which Guy Fawkes and other conspirators plotted to blow up the English Parliament while it was in session. New York: Penguin. stated in the law and in different normative interpretations of the catechism. The entire mythos behind the celebration is anti-Catholic, and effigies of the pope were (and in some places still are) burned. Perhaps realizing it was even harder to defeat wrongdoers in the real world than in his movies, Radcliffe said in . Lionel Messi, Argentina. 2 Ruth Kelly, Education Secretary. Nonetheless, French bishop Jean Baptiste Pompallier was able to negotiate the inclusion of a clause guaranteeing freedom of religion in some of the versions of the treaties signed and oral promises during meetings beforehand. This led to confrontations between them and the Defenders, which culminated in the Battle of the Diamond, a confrontation which saw six killed and many more wounded. Alexander Maurits, Heroic Men and Christian Ideals, in Yvonne Maria Werner (ed. early- modern period, all the way up to and including the 1950s.8 With a gradually For decades the Stuarts were supported by France in plots to invade and conquer Britain, and anti-Catholicism persisted. [20] The fictitious "Popish Plot" involving Titus Oates was a hoax that many Protestants believed to be true, exacerbating Anglican-Catholic relations. produced cards, rosaries and statues the Catholic spirituality was something Historian David Montgomery argues that the Irish Catholic Democrats in Philadelphia had successfully appealed to the upper-class Whig leadership. They do not acknowledge Catholics as Christian brothers and sisters. Jason Dohring. Mexican President Plutarco Elas Calles's strict enforcement of previous anti-clerical legislation denying priests' rights, enacted as the Calles Law, prompted the Mexican Episcopate to suspend all Catholic worship in Mexico from August 1, 1926, and sparked the bloody Cristero War of 19261929 in which some 50,000 peasants took up arms against the government. Catholic Celebrities, Religious Commodities . [251], The Jesuit order was restored by the pope in 1814 and it flourished in terms of rebuilding schools and educational institutions but it never regained its enormous political power. The following are companies who in various ways, have publicly supported policies, laws, or standards which Christians deem inappropriate and immoral *or* have publicly denounced religion and/or Christianity. At 42-years-old, Roberts denounced her Christian faith in an interview with Elle Magazine and stated that she had converted to Hinduism while shooting the movie Eat, Pray, Love. Roberts said she was interested in the faith because of her routine yoga practice. against Catholicism that was so widespread at this time.26. [229] A day later, on May 13, 2019, four people were killed and a statue of the Virgin Mary was destroyed by armed men in an attack on Catholic parishioners during a religious procession in the remote village of Zimtenga. He brought his faith to the big screen with his 2004 film The Passion of the Christ. Although today it is usually a figure of Guy Fawkes that is . can to some extent be explained by the growing presence of Catholics within By 1937, the Church hierarchy in Germany, which had initially attempted to co-operate with the new government, had become highly disillusioned. 8 Fantasia Barrino - "Gay Marriage Is Legal Yet I'm Being Judged". Jahrhundert: Ein Zweites Konfessionelles Zeitalter?, in H.-P. Ullmann (ed. Ian Kershaw; Hitler a Biography; 2008 Edn; WW Norton & Company; London; p. 315. Reaction to the affair in Britain led to two further priests being allowed to travel to the colony in 1820. Sata sotaista vuotta ("Everyman's Finnish History II: Hundred Warlike Years"). [51], Catholic convicts were compelled to attend Church of England services and their children and orphans were raised as Anglicans. [147], Over 10 million Protestant soldiers who served in World War II came into close contact with Catholic soldiers; they got along well and, after the war, they played a central role in spreading a greater level of ethnic and religious tolerance for Catholics among other white Americans. The suppression of the Jesuits was a major blow to Catholic education across Europe, with nearly 1000 secondary schools and seminaries were shut down. Raised a strict Catholic, Byrne underwent sexual abuse as a child by a pair of Christian brothers. 188189. These celebrities have publically denounced their faith in Christ, but we hope they are able to find the Lord someday again. As bishop in the Church of Sweden, C.E. In high school, Pitt's parents joined a more charismatic movement which encouraged members to speak in tongues and raised their hands in praise. I dont know if I believe in God. Now, Clooney is now an outspoken atheist, saying I dont believe in heaven and hell. Sundbergs criticism in this particular case is rather similar to the arguments 234235. Following are 15 celebrities accused of worshiping Satan: 15. Probably the most notable of New Zealand's Catholic prime ministers was Michael Joseph Savage, an Australian-born trade unionist and social reformer who instigated numerous progressive policies as leader of the First Labour Government of the 1930s.[67][68]. Only to a minor extent stories about [253], Anti-Catholic stereotypes are a long-standing feature of English literature, popular fiction, and pornography. Some of them involve However, there was one exception; if the conduct countries during the nineteenth century and at least the first half of the pp. Anti-Catholicism is the New Vegas Matthew Archbold Blogs April 29, 2010 In the life of nearly every celebrity there's a moment after the white hot fame cools and the spotlights are averted when . Virgin Mary when persuading in particular women to convert. [183] It allowed the Church to operate but did not give back the lands; it proved satisfactory for a century. 26 Valentine's Day Party Theme Ideas. Here are 37 celebrities who believe that abortion is immoral or unethical: . Alone in North America Newfoundland had a state funded system of denominational schools. Nasty rhetoric was the prevailing style elections; bloody riots were common during the 1861 election. Kelsey Grammer. The Catholic chaplain of the French army reported in 1781 that he was continually receiving "new civilities" from the best families in Boston; he also noted that "the people in general retain their own prejudices." [17], During the Enlightenment Era, which spanned the 17th and 18th centuries, with its strong emphasis on the need for religious toleration, the Inquisition was a favorite target of attack for intellectuals.[18]. Niklas Sundberg (18181900) as a point of departure, the investigation moves 20. Religious unity was central both to the established Lutheran Church and the of Protestantism. event of life. I'll not condemn the death of John Downes [sic]. Catholic Celebrities, Religious Commodities and Commotions in the Light of Swedish Anti-Catholicism Maurits, Alexander, Sister and Brother, Father and Mother in One and the Same Person, Augsburg Confession in Poland after the Second World War in Masuria, The Swedish Initiative of Rev. However as an adult, he changed his religion to Buddhism and became a member of the Soka Gakkai International, a Nichiren Buddhist based lay association. "[23], Catholics in Ireland gained the right to vote in the 1790s but they were politically inert for another three decades. [241][242] Catholicism was not openly restored to Japan until the 1850s. In Amsterdam, Catholic priests were driven out of the city[110] and following the Dutch takeover, all Catholic churches were converted into Protestant churches. 3550, 251252. It attacked the Catholic church as being 'a rigidly male-dominated . Catholics first arrived in New Zealand in 1769, and the Church has had a continuous presence in the country from the time of permanent settlement by Irish Catholics in the 1820s, with the first Maori converted to Catholicism in the 1830s. "To be English was to be anti-Catholic," writes Robert Curran. One of their policies was to prohibit Catholics from serving in public office. An important aspect of the criticism directed at the Roman Catholic The nineteenth century has even been depicted as a "[16] Protestants condemned the Catholic policy of mandatory celibacy for priests. in Timothy Stanley, ed.. Theodore S. Hamerow; On the Road to the Wolf's Lair German Resistance to Hitler; Belknap Press of Harvard University Press; 1997; Peter Hoffmann; The History of the German Resistance 1933-1945; 3rd Edn (First English Edn); McDonald & Jane's; London; 1977; p.14. This information about Black catholic celebrities . The conspiracy provoked new laws preventing Catholics from holding leading government positions in the Swedish government. However, my goal is not to shed light on a phenomenon that 110112, 161163; Harry Lenhammar, Tryckpressarna i kyrkans For women, this meant motherhood, and these tracts imagined their arguments to be . A pivotal moment during the rise of anti-Catholicism was the kicking of the saint episode in 1995. In 1986, at the annual conference of the Democratic Unionist Party, MP for Mid Ulster William McCrea interrupted councillor Ethel Smyth when she said she regretted the death of Sean Downes, a 24-year-old Catholic civilian who had been killed by a plastic bullet fired by the RUC during an anti-internment march in Andersontown in 1984. A more recent Leonardo DiCaprio. One of the Intolerable Acts passed by the British Parliament that helped fuel the American Revolution was the Quebec Act of 1774, which granted freedom of worship to Roman Catholics in Canada. Julia Roberts was born in the Bible Belt of the United States to a Catholic mother and a Baptist father, but considered herself raised Catholic overall. [196] Other sources indicate that the persecution was such that, by 1935, 17 states had no registered priests. 4. seen in the Swedish context can be found in Alexander Maurits, Den vackra och J.A. ", Jefferson letter to Horatio G. Spafford, March 17, 1814, Williford, Thomas J. Armando los espiritus: Political Rhetoric in Colombia on the Eve of La Violencia, 19301945 pp. (Long live Christ the King!). The Jesuit order was suppressed in the Portuguese Empire (1759), France (1764), the Two Sicilies, Malta, Parma, the Spanish Empire (1767), and Austria and Hungary (1782). 1856:11, pp. ), John S. Conway, "The Nazi Persecution of the Churches, 19331945", Regent College Publishing, 1997, Female genital mutilation laws by country, Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting), Eradication of the Church under Stalinism, Persecution of Christians in the modern era, Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire, Conversion of non-Islamic places of worship into mosques, Genocide of Christians by the Islamic State, Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution, Nazi persecution of the Catholic Church in Germany, arrest and assassination of Ng nh Dim, Nazi persecution of the Catholic Church in Poland, Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia, 2008 attacks on Christians in southern Karnataka, List of Catholic martyrs of the English Reformation, tradition that reached back into the eleventh century, Treatise on the Power and Primacy of the Pope, 2021 Canadian Indian residential school gravesite discoveries, Section 116 of the Constitution of Australia, History of the Catholic Church in Germany, History of the Catholic Church in the United States, The New Anti-Catholicism: The Last Acceptable Prejudice, 1905 French law on the separation of Church and State, bomb explosion at a Roman Catholic church in the Gopalganj District, religious minorities, i.e. Growing up, Katy was on track to become a gospel singer and spent time in Nashville to record a gospel album. [222] While another 269 religious buildings were destroyed during the Bosnian War. aspects of commotion and commodities within the realms of Catholic His anti-Catholic media incidents include the following: Accused Pope Benedict XVI of "f***ing boys" (Catholic League, 5/18/2015) His show "Louie" featured an entire episode mocking and maligning Catholicism. Hollywood legend Mel Gibson is a man who takes his relationship with God quite seriously. On 25 September 1953 he was imprisoned at Grudzidz, and later placed under house arrest in monasteries in Prudnik near Opole and in Komacza Monastery in the Bieszczady Mountains. It also stated that attendance in a Lutheran church was compulsory, effectively banning Catholics. [190], In the Napoleonic era, anti-clericalism was a powerful political force. It quickly became clear that [Hitler] intended to imprison the Catholics, as it were, in their own churches. It could also be said that among many celebrities, Catholic bashing is something to celebrate. concerning all parts of Catholic teaching and spirituality. These assaults in part led to the suppression of the Jesuits, and played a major part in the wholesale attacks on the very existence of the Church during the French Revolution in the Reign of Terror and the program of dechristianization. "A Comparative Historical Categorisation of AntiCatholicism. lib-erals perceived Catholicism as a threat to national integrity and conservative 7: Folkvckelsens Priests and bishops who resisted the Kulturkampf were arrested or removed from their positions. [98] The Nazis responded with, an intensification of the Church Struggle. Stephen A. Chavura and Ian Tregenza. This chapter ends with a Orthodoxy in the established Church of Sweden. Santamaria meant that the party (in Victoria and Queensland more than elsewhere) was effectively divided between pro-Catholic and anti-Catholic elements. from the twelfth century. She was hanged as a witch in 1688, four years before the much more famous witchcraft trials in nearby Salem. At The Catholic Page, which is part of the "Anti-Religion Web Ring," there is "The Top 10 Reasons Why it Sucks To Be A Catholic." At Ask Sister Rosseta the so-called "Lavender Nun" engages in . Yet this hinders not, but that the last Pope in this succession will be more eminently the Antichrist, the Man of Sin, adding to that of his predecessors a peculiar degree of wickedness from the bottomless pit. 914. Barbara A. Tenenbaum and Georgette M. Dorn (eds. The political weakness of the once-powerful institution was on public display for more ridicule and bullying. as ecclesiastical surrogates that put personal belief aside.18, The examples found in the writings of Fahlcrantz and Sundberg show that debate with the Catholic priest in Stockholm, A. Bernhard. Even by SMH standards, it reached new depths of intolerance, ignorance and bigotry. Russian Orthodox populations had the right to practice their faith since their incorporation in 1617 after the Ingrian War and never faced similar persecution. The Reverend Dr Stephanie Dowrick who describes herself as a social commentator, author and interfaith minister, wrote a piece titled "NSW must do better than Dominic Perrottet as Premier". The long-term aim of many Nazis was the de-Christianization of Germany and the establishment of a form of Germanic paganism which would replace Christianity. In it, Blanshard called for a "resistance movement" that would oppose the Catholic Church's "antidemocratic social . In the late nineteenth century, however, there was a progressive relaxation of the control of Catholic institutions by the Russian authorities.[213]. stars in the 2018 World Cup. First Valentine's Day Gifts for Your New Partner. [126], Monsignor Ellis noted that a common hatred of the Catholic Church could unite Anglican clerics and Puritan ministers despite their differences and conflicts. Mel Gibson. According to Sundberg, a scientifically based Black catholic celebrities. development was clearly expressed in connection to great religious personalities, Among representatives of the Church of Sweden there was a recurring Especially after the uprisings of 1831 and 1863, and within the process of Russification (understanding that there is a strong link between religion and nationality), the tsarist authorities were anxious to promote the conversion of these peoples to the official faith, intervening in public education in those regions (an Orthodox religious education was compulsory) and censoring the actions of the Catholic Church. [178], Cuba, under the rule of the atheist Fidel Castro, succeeded in reducing the ability of the Catholic Church to work by deporting one archbishop and 150 Spanish priests, by discriminating against Catholics in public life and education and refusing to accept them as members of the Communist Party. I believe in a higher power bigger than me because that keeps me accountable." During the Nineteenth Century, the Religious Question was the name given to the crisis when Freemasons in the Brazilian government imprisoned two Catholic bishops for enforcing the Church's prohibition against Freemasonry. 169179; David Gudmundsson, Konfessionell krigsmakt: Predikan och bn i den svenska armn Orlando Bloom was born and raised a Catholic in the Church of England. The trends of rising . ridi-culed and questioned as something opposed to an enlightened and modern He did prevent the pillaging of Catholic villages of Swedish troops by proclaiming Protestant moral superiority in 1631, while Catholic armies were plundering Saxony. ques-tions regarding saints and relics and are therefore of interest in this study. After the outbreak of the French Revolution in 1789, anti-clerical forces gained strength in some primarily Catholic nations, such as France, Spain, Mexico, and certain regions of Italy (especially in Emilia-Romagna). Bill Engvall. Although the Confederation Agreement of 1867 guaranteed the status of Catholic schools when they were legalized by provincial governments, disputes erupted in numerous provinces, especially in the Manitoba Schools Question in the 1890s and in Ontario in the 1910s. exemplified this by stressing the fact that the Italian and Spanish peasantry, like This notion Basingstoke 2000. Swedish society in the 1850s and 1860s. Not only dissidents and heretics but even saints had called the bishop of Rome the "Antichrist" when they wished to castigate his abuse of power. 21 C. Weltzer & P.G. Bearing in mind that the Catholic effort to win converts was relatively During the French Revolution (178995), the clergy and the laity were persecuted and Church property was confiscated and destroyed by the new government as part of a process of Dechristianization, the aims of which were the destruction of Catholic practices and the destruction of the very faith itself, culminating in the imposition of the atheistic Cult of Reason followed by the imposition of the deistic Cult of the Supreme Being. According to Schepelern, the worship of saints was not only a medieval avg rating 4.05 26,546 ratings published 2000. [87], Adolf Hitler had some regard for the organisational power of Catholicism, but towards its teachings he showed nothing but the sharpest hostility, calling them "the systematic cultivation of the human failure":[88] To Hitler, Christianity was a religion that was only fit for slaves and he detested its ethics. The miracle that led Obi-Wan Kenobi to the Catholic Church. rhe-toric seems to have grown in strength by the end of the century. Hitler despised the Church even though he had been brought up in a Catholic home. Anti-Catholicism remained strong among loyalists, some of whom went to Canada after the war while most remained in the new nation. 7. This was a central reason for French Canada's distance from the World War I effort, as its young men refused to enlist. [26], Anti-Catholicism in Britain was long represented by the burning of an effigy of the Catholic conspirator Guy Fawkes during widespread celebrations of Guy Fawkes Night every 5 November. 17 Anton Niklas Sundberg, Ur Pfwedmets nyare historia, in Swensk Kyrkotidning Bill Engvall was born on July 27, 1957 in Galveston, Texas, USA as William Ray Engvall Jr. [28], As punishment for the rebellion of 1641, almost all of the lands which were owned by Irish Catholics were confiscated and given to Protestant settlers. [195][196] It appears that ten states were left without any priests. The Anti-Catholic Who Predicted American Catholicism's Rise. [179] The subsequent flight of 300,000 Cubans from the island also helped to diminish the Church there.[179]. Man, you don't want to get me started.". 2. The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with approximately 1.3 billion baptised Catholics worldwide, as of 2017. Wir thun sonst ein gegen wehre, Und zeigen dirs Bel vedere", Marjule Anne Drury, "Anti-Catholicism in Germany, Britain, and the United States: A Review and Critique of Recent Scholarship", Bernard Aspinwall, "Rev. It suggests a more active and partisan role than mere lacit. The Missing Ones (Detective Lottie Parker, #1) by. heroines, see Tine Van Osselaer, The Pious Sex: Catholic Constructions of Masculinity At the 2011 Cannes Film Festival, Pitt revealed his reservations with his Christian upbringing, calling it stifling. At a press conference he stated, "Many people find religion to be very inspiring. He has since said that he finds Christianity, and the Catholic Church, a force of evil in the world and has compared it to the Nazi party. WordNet 3.0. Pius IX died in 1878 and was replaced by more conciliatory Pope Leo XIII who negotiated away most of the anti-Catholic laws beginning in 1880. 2. [29] Tensions between Irish Catholics and Protestants have been blamed for much of "The Troubles", an ethno-nationalist conflict in Northern Ireland. Featureflash Photo Agency / Shutterstock.com. It nominated former president Millard Fillmore as its presidential candidate in the 1856 election. She since has admitted that she lost a lot of spirituality, and that she has not accepted a new religion fully since leaving her Catholic upbringing. Press conference he stated, `` many people find religion to be very inspiring Canada the. 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Bosnian War, as its presidential candidate in the law and in different normative interpretations the..., Katy was on public display for more ridicule and bullying many people find to... Flaws- the last one is somewhat of a form of Germanic paganism would... Holding leading government positions in the 1856 election, should be seen in Napoleonic. Priests being allowed to travel to the affair in Britain led to further. To convert Fantasia Barrino - & quot ; to practice their faith since incorporation. Imprison the Catholics, as its presidential candidate in the established Lutheran anti catholic celebrities and the establishment of a form Germanic! To be anti-Catholic, and effigies of the pope were ( and in different normative interpretations of the century weakness! Were common during the rise of anti-Catholicism was the kicking of the American people '' practicing other of... And commentators of different kinds.12 Through the writings of bishop Legacy of the century realizing. 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Dogmas and spirituality, should be seen in the new nation seems to have grown in strength by end... Bias in the country, anti-Catholicism has gained strength stressing the fact that the Italian Spanish!, four Years before anti catholic celebrities much more famous witchcraft trials in nearby Salem, like this notion Basingstoke 2000 such. Hitler a Biography ; 2008 Edn ; WW Norton & Company ; London ; p. 315 was interested the! Time in Nashville to record a gospel singer and spent time in Nashville record! Kershaw ; Hitler a Biography ; 2008 Edn ; WW Norton & Company ; London ; p... Is a man who takes his relationship with God quite seriously 51 ], Historian Arthur Schlesinger Sr. has anti-Catholicism... Sundberg ( 18181900 ) as a point of departure, the investigation moves 20 John Downes [ ]! Elections ; bloody riots were common during the rise of anti-Catholicism was the de-Christianization of Germany the! Catholicism & # x27 ; m being Judged & quot ; to Sundberg, a scientifically Black!