In the case of the Andes, the oceanic Nazca Plate and part of the oceanic Antarctic Plate slide towards the continental South American Plate. [54] Exposures of the basement are often delimited by faults. This information was summarized from the GVP/USGS Weekly Volcanic Activity Report. [176] The lava dome in the crater was destroyed and was probably the source of the lava bombs that were thrown as far as 4 kilometres (2.5mi) away from the vent;[174] some of these bombs had diameters of 2 metres (6ft 7in)[8] and left large impact craters. It started to shrink again by May. Sept. 9, 2022. Flashcards. [19] It is possible that when these ridges are subducted, the buoyancy they carry disrupts the subduction process and reduces the supply of water, which is important for the formation of melts. [35], About 30% of these flows were formed by ash and 70% by blocks,[174] with larger fragments accumulating on the margins of each flow deposit. On 20 February 1990, an eruption column rose 814 kilometres (5.08.7mi) above the crater,[57] resulting in ash fall over 100 kilometres (62mi) away from the volcano. Another explosion at 13:02 sent a column 8.5 kilometres (5.3mi) high. Many of these volcanoes are covered by snow and ice. Both plates are capped by oceanic crust. [142] Like the Piedras Grandes rocks, they tend towards high potassium quantities, and resemble other volcanic rocks of Lascar and the Central Andes in composition. [159] The three eastern summit craters formed at the time when the Tumbres-Talabre flow erupted in the remains of the stage I cone. [44] The end of glaciation may have accompanied an increase in volcanic activity, a phenomenon that has been noted at other volcanoes. Lscar Volcano, located in the Chilean Andes 70 km SE of San Pedro de Atacama, is the most active volcano of the Central Volcanic Zone. Lascar is flanked 5 km to the east by the older, but higher Volcn Aguas Calientes stratovolcano. [90], Temperatures of the magma chamber range from 890970C (1,6301,780F); the mafic magmas that are injected in the chamber are about 150200C (270360F) hotter than the extant andesite and dacite. [129] Landsat images taken during this time indicate that a lava lake may have existed in the central crater,[163] generating a plume of volcanic gases and, in September 1986, a vulcanian eruption happened and dropped ash in Salta, Argentina. On the western slope, it buries the even older Piedras Grandes flow, which crops out only at the margins of the Soncor flow. Hydrocarbons and other organic compounds are also found in the low-temperature fumaroles. [45] An area of increased electrical conductivity has been identified beneath Lascar and extends to some neighbouring volcanoes, reaching a depth of over 6 kilometres (3.7mi) south of Lascar. [36] The valleys drain the western, northern and southwestern slopes of Lascar. [151] Water is a principal volatile involved in the processes of Plinian eruptions; the water content of the Soncor and Piedras Grandes magmas was about 45%. What makes an effective presentation + effective presentation strategies Aug. 12, 2022 The two types of plate boundaries that are most likely to produce volcanic activity are divergent . Some guidelines. [84] Petrologic investigations indicate that at least three components give rise to Lascar's magmas, an upper crustal one, a mantle component and an enriched component that may come either from the lower crust or the downgoing slab. We're aiming to achieve uninterrupted service wherever an earthquake or volcano eruption unfolds, and your donations can make it happen! [47] In these valleys, the ignimbrite can be as much as 60 metres (200ft) thick. [172] Other flows occurred at 12:05, after 13:37, 17:25, 21:3521:48, 23:4023:50 and on 20 April at 9:20. [245] High nickel concentrations in crops from Talabre appear to be caused by volcanic activity as well. [182] Hot pyroclastic flows on the southeastern flank covered a surface area of 1318.5 kilometres (8.111.5mi). Eruptions in 1972 and 1974 are uncertain. [195], These flows took a long time to cool down; in the Quebrada Tumbres, they had not cooled down completely by December 1993. [227] Between January 2014 and June 2016, about 24 volcano-tectonic earthquakes per month were recorded. [5], The new town of Talabre is 17 kilometres (11mi) west of Lascar. [156] The deposits left by this erosional period contain no clear evidence of stage III activity; indeed Lascar was probably inactive between 14,000 and 10,500 years ago. [21] The presence of Mesozoic limestone is indicated by xenoliths in Lascar's lavas; the only place they crop out farther east is in Argentina. [15] Volcanic centres include calderas and associated large ignimbrites, lava domes and stratovolcanoes;[21] among the better-researched volcanoes are Galan, Nevados de Payachata, Ollague, Purico Complex, San PedroSan Pablo, La Pacana, Tata Sabaya and Tumisa. ", "Recent eruptive activity from Lascar volcano (2006)", "Informe sobre el sistema volcnico de Lascar", "El ciclo eruptivo del 18 al 25 de Abril de 2006 del volcan Lascar, Andes Centrales", "Impact area determination of pyroclastic deposits in Lascar volcano, eruptive process in the year 1993", 10.1130/0091-7613(1987)15<614:UTLTMT>2.0.CO;2, "Processes culminating in the 2015 phreatic explosion at Lascar volcano, Chile, evidenced by multiparametric data", "La erupcion subpliniana del 19-20 de Abril de 1993 del volcan Lascar, N de Chile", Impacts of the 2015 eruption of Calbuco volcano on Chilean infrastructure, utilities, agriculture, and health, "Viajes e intercambios entre las comunidades argentinas y chilenas en la puna atacamea (segunda mitad del siglo XX)", "Insight into ground deformations at Lascar volcano (Chile) from SAR interferometry, photogrammetry and GPS data: Implications on volcano dynamics and future space monitoring", "An InSAR-based survey of volcanic deformation in the central Andes", "Uptake of gaseous thallium, tellurium, vanadium and molybdenum into anhydrous alum, Lascar volcano fumaroles, Chile", "SrPb isotopes signature of Lascar volcano (Chile): Insight into contamination of arc magmas ascending through a thick continental crust", "Similarities and differences in the historical records of lava dome-building volcanoes: Implications for understanding magmatic processes and eruption forecasting", "The emplacement dynamics of pumice lobes ascertained from morphology and granulometry: Examples from the 1993 deposits at Lascar Volcano, Chile", 20.500.11820/704f9e40-352c-49da-af10-83ce7c003ac6, "Post-depositional fracturing and subsidence of pumice flow deposits: Lascar Volcano, Chile", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lascar_(volcano)&oldid=1128908838, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing explicitly cited English-language text, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2012, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017, CS1 European Spanish-language sources (es-es), Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 22 December 2022, at 16:28. Status: Historical, recent phreatic explosions (2015), Continuous seismic monitoring at a single station was installed in 2011. [6][29] Guallatiri, for example, features fumarolic activity that is visible in satellite images. [106] Lascar was a substantial source of sulfur dioxide for the atmosphere around 30 south, reaching a proportion of 2040% the sulfur over South America and still 1020% over the South Indian Ocean. [157][162] Eruptions were observed in March 1960, which were accompanied by earthquakes felt in Toconao, as well as in September 1964 when ash fell in Socaire. [63] The formation of the first cone at Lascar may have been facilitated by the intersection between the Miscanti Line and another eastwest lineament[72] formed by PliocenePleistocene tectonic compression of the region,[73] and the lineament would have worked as an ascent path for magma. The TLS data were collected over two days in November 2013 using a long-range RIEGL LMS-Z620 instrument. The divergent plate boundaries that form volcanoes are caused by the plates moving in different directions. [82] The process happens frequently, thus the magmas are relatively unevolved;[83] presumably, if the supply of mafic magma is steady, the products are andesitic, otherwise dacite forms. [142], The Soncor ignimbrite extended as much as 27 kilometres (17mi) west from the volcano,[47] 10 kilometres (6.2mi) north and 15 kilometres (9.3mi) south. The importance of the multidisciplinary approach. Learn. Finally, the andesitic pumice Tumbres flow is found on the northwestwestsouthwestern slopes of Lascar. [112] Sulfur is released from areas all over the cone, resulting in a noticeable sulfur smell. [76] The chemistry of Lascar's rocks is fairly similar to those of neighbouring Tumisa volcano. The Lascar volcano is located in the Andes and erupted on 10th December . Afterwards, up to four different units of pyroclastic flows, each 110 metres (3.332.8ft) thick, formed deposits up to 10 kilometres (6.2mi) long. [36] Traces of glaciation also exist at Cerros de Saltar. [95] Later deposits include the Cenozoic sedimentary Quepe strata. Lascar vulcano. [193] The pyroclastic flow surfaces subsided after the eruption, with pulses of faster subsidence coinciding with the 1995 Antofagasta earthquake and the 2007 Tocopilla earthquake. [6] The present-day snowline in the region lies at an altitude of 6,050 metres (19,850ft), higher than the summit of Lascar. [43][49] Cerro Corona gets its name from a crown-shaped structure at its top. [55] The extinct western cone (also known as Apagado) is composed of layers of lava and pyroclastics. [132], Activity subsequently shifted to the eastern edifice. [34] The westernmost of these three eastern craters is the currently active one, surrounded by rims that reach heights of 150 metres (490ft). [36][44] Other basement rocks are the sandstone-containing marine DevonianCarboniferous Lila formation, the red-orange Permian Cas formation containing volcanic rocks and granites,[21][37] as well as the volcanic PermianTriassic Peine formation and Cerro Negro strata, which also contain intruded rocks and lake sediments. [152], The previous volcanic edifice was destroyed by this eruption,[90] which may have formed a caldera. The volcano experienced at least three major eruptions throughout its history: One is the Soncor eruption about 26,450 500 years ago, another in 7,250 BCE and the third in 1993. [105] Written reports of volcanic activity exist since the 16th century, when the Spaniards arrived in the region,[160] though few records exist from before 1848. The movement of lithospheric plates affects surface features at plate boundaries and within the interiors of both oceanic and continental plates. . [172] The eruption commenced with two explosions at 6:28 and 9:20 local time, forming eruption columns 10 kilometres (6.2mi) high. Volcanoes are most common in these geologically active boundaries. [235] The eruptions of April 1993 and September 1986 were both preceded by a reduction of thermal radiation observed by Thematic Mapper. [228] The last eruption, on 30 October 2015, created a 2,500-metre-high (8,200ft) column of ash that prompted a raise in the local volcano alert level. [167] Most of the time, numerous fumaroles within the crater form a plume that reaches an altitude of 1,000 metres (3,300ft). Lithic rocks derived both from the pre-Soncor volcano and the basement are also represented. [81], Magma erupted by Lascar appears to form from the mixing of mafic and more evolved magmas; the 1993 eruption deposits contain bands of different rocks. [57] Recorded eruptions occurred in 1858, 1875, 18831885, 18981900(?) [142], Ignimbrite was channeled to the Salar de Atacama by the Quebrada de Chaile, Quebrada de Soncor and Quebrada de Talabre canyons and some smaller valleys, northeastwards by the Quebrada de Morro Blanco and as far as 11 kilometres (6.8mi) southeastwards over the Pampa Leija area. [251], Due to the dry climate, there is little vegetation at Lascar. Panorama from the Lascar Southern pyroclastic flow. [59][105] This corresponds to about 1% of global volcanic sulfur emissions, and is comparable to Kilauea and Villarica. [36][70] The Miscanti Line dissects the Quaternary basement beneath Lascar,[71] and it may be a hinge of a fold that is being propagated by faults. Data available through GEOFON. Lascar is just left of Aguas Calientes, which is the central cone. [67] The vent was no wider than 2 kilometres (1.2mi), as it is completely hidden beneath the western cone. [77], The rocks of Lascar belong to the calc-alkaline series. A convergent boundary. [78] This occurs because as the magma loses its gas content, the number of pores in it, and thus its permeability to gas, decreases. It is an andesitic to dacitic stratovolcano with six overlapping craters, trending roughly northeast, with the active, fuming crater located near the center. The Cascades are a chain of volcanoes at a convergent boundary where an oceanic plate is subducting beneath a continental plate. [88] Such tremors may be produced by the movement of liquid materials in the volcano. [80] The magma interacts with former salar deposits before ascending. Divergent Plate Boundaries At a divergent boundary, tectonic plates move apart from one another. An eruption event known as Piedras Grandes was followed by the large Soncor eruption. Lscar volcano in northern Chile is the most active of the northern Chilean Andes. [83] This origin of Lascar magmas is reflected in the textures of rocks. Blog. [252] Other reports claim that flamingos remained; other animals like donkeys and llamas were seen around the volcano one day after its eruption.[209]. The Cascade volcanoes in the northwestern United States and the volcanoes in Mexico and Central America are related to the subduction under the North American Plate of the small Juan de Fuca and Cocos plates, which are on the east side of the Pacific Plate. Because the former are. [119] Sulfur isotope data support the notion that evaporite deposits contribute part of Lascar's sulfur. [175] Lithic blocks are up to 3 metres (9.8ft) thick. 1-2 mm of very fine ash fell in Jama (international boundary of Chile and Argentina). [34] This lava flow is known as the TumbresTalabre lava flow; its margins are 1040 metres (33131ft) high, and it features a central channel. The first of these eruptions released 1015 cubic kilometres (2.43.6cumi) of material and is known as the Soncor eruption. [59] An eruption commenced at 11:35 local time on 18 April 2006. Other minerals include anhydrite,[57] augite, plagioclase[33] which is also the dominant phenocryst phase in Lascar rocks,[76] apatite, ilmenite, magnetite, olivine, orthopyroxene, phyrrotite, quartz, rhyolite in the groundmass, and spinel in inclusions. [14], Volcanoes in the Andes occur in four separate regions: the Northern Volcanic Zone between 2N and 5S, the Central Volcanic Zone between 16S and 28S, the Southern Volcanic Zone between 33S and 46S,[15] and the Austral Volcanic Zone, south of the Southern Volcanic Zone. [238] It publishes a volcano alert level for Lascar and has created a volcano hazard map for the volcano. [153] The Capricorn Lava overlies the Soncor deposits. What type of plate boundary is creating lascar volcano? [165] The eruption itself lasted only about five minutes and consisted of two pulses. [171], Vulcanian explosions started on 18 April 1993, and on 1920 April 1993, a major eruption occurred. [61] Remnants of a previous edifice are visible in the craters; this older edifice constitutes the bulk of the eastern cone. Research has indicated peculiar patterns, including so called "rapid-fire" events on a background of continuous activity,[232] as well as the occurrence of long-period earthquakes; here and in other volcanoes, this kind of seismic activity is associated with intense fumarolic activity that occurs in the absence of outright eruptions. Imprecise argonargon dating on younger andesites has yielded dates of 14,000 18,000 and 17,000 22,000 years. For some eruptions, including the January 1854 eruption, it is not clear whether they occurred at Lascar or Aguas Calientes,[157] and some early reports of volcanic activity at Aguas Calientes probably refer to Lascar. Another debris flow from Corona spread towards Salar de Atacama. Preceding historical eruptions did not exceed 2. [44] An eruption 16,700 years ago from Corona deposited tephra containing biotite and quartz in Laguna Leja and generated a rhyodacitic lava flow. It is about 800 m in diameter and 300 m deep. [164] This eruption was the most significant of the previous two decades,[163] having a VEI of 3. Lascar has been active since at least 56,000 years ago, though some argue for activity beginning 220,000 years ago. Global Volcanism Network, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. VW is a higher education, k-12, and public outreach project of the Oregon Space Grant Consortium During earthquakes which type of fault results when one plate is compressed up onto another plate. The biggest eruption of Lascar in historical time was in 1993 and produced pyroclastic flows, which traveled 8.5 km NW of the summit, and ashfall in Buenos Aires. [91] This alteration gives rise to wollastonite and pyroxene-containing skarn, depending on the distance from the magma chamber walls. Grey pumice deposits from the 1993 eruption are visible in the photo above and below. This unit, formed during stage II, is known as Piedras Grandes,[53]and is exposed on the western slopes below about 4,900 metres (16,100ft) altitude. [47] These valleys were probably formed by erosion during glacial periods. Test. Wiki User. [125], Lascar rests atop the Atana ignimbrite, a rhyodacitic sheet which was erupted by La Pacana caldera 4.53.7 million years ago. [136] Andesite-rhyodacite intrusions occurred beneath the volcano,[137] some of which were still hot when the Soncor eruption tore them out of the ground. 2017-01-13 18:27:12. [72] Persistent snow cover exists on the western and southern slopes of the volcano; it contributes partly to the fumarole water. [45] Noticeable erosion occurred in the areas over which pyroclastic flows had passed, forming abrasion surfaces and removing loose detritus from the ground. [68] Traces of glacial action are found on the older parts of Lascar at altitudes above 4,600 metres (15,100ft) and include meltwater gorges, striated rock surfaces, and U-shaped valleys. [57] Specifically, basaltic andesite magma is periodically injected into a magma chamber, where crystal fractionation and mixing processes take place. [121] The high concentrations of halogens are typical for subduction-associated volcanoes; the halogens are supplied to the volcanoes through subduction-induced processes that act on the crust and the subducting plate. The equilibrium line at Lascar was at an altitude of 4,7004,800 metres (15,40015,700ft) during the last glacial maximum. This way, topographic details can be scanned over large areas with great precision and in relatively little time. [89], The oldest volcanic activity at Lascar occurred between 220,000[6] and less than 50,000 years ago. [43], Cerro Opla, 20 kilometres (12mi) west of Lascar, is a hill formed by PermianTriassic granite. Landforms over this basement include ignimbrites, lava domes, and stratovolcanoes. administered through the Department of Geosciences at Oregon State University. stratovulcano 5592 m / 18,346 ft. Northern Chile, -23.37S / -67.73W. Add an answer. In the Central Volcanic Zone, volcanism has been active for 120 million years, although it has undergone eastward migration during this time. Ash fall in Salta occurred about one hour after the eruption. [63], Lascar is one of the three most active volcanoes in the Andean Central Volcanic Zone (the other two are the Peruvian volcanoes Sabancaya and Ubinas)[126] and a steady pattern of eruptive activity has persisted for centuries. [239] Explosive eruptions and ash falls are the major threat to humans from Lascar. [31] Larger particles fell closer to the volcano, while smaller particles were carried farther. The largest eruption of Lascar in recent history took place in 1993, . Other volcanic centres are also located on this line,[54] including the Corona and Saltar lava domes, and the Miscanti and Lejia volcanoes. [227] Between April and June 2013, glow was observed at the summit, accompanied by the occasional release of gray clouds. [204] It caused noticeable changes in the morphology of the volcano, including the formation of a new fracture along the summit craters;[205] however, the summit craters themselves were not heavily altered[206] apart from the formation of a trench across the three craters that runs in westeast direction. [90] Blocks with sizes of up to 15 metres (49ft) were transported by this flow. The next day, additional explosions occurred at 15:04, 15:05 and 17:39 UTC, with a maximum column height of 7 kilometres (4.3mi). Glowing was also reported in October and November 2013. The largest historical eruption of Lascar took place in 1993, producing pyroclastic flows to 8.5 km NW of the summit. It is composed of two separate cones with several summit craters. Stato attuale: normal or dormant (1 di 5) Last update: 3 feb 2022 (Smithsonian / USGS Weekly Volcanic Activity Report) Lscar volcano in northern Chile is the most active of the northern Chilean Andes. [56] Measurements made from 1961 to 1997 determined that the eastern crater is 1 kilometre (0.62mi) wide and 150200 metres (490660ft) deep[57] and thus the largest,[53] the central crater is 600 metres (2,000ft) wide and 100200 metres (330660ft) deep, and the western crater is 800 metres (2,600ft) wide and 200300 metres (660980ft) deep,[57] increasing to 400 metres (1,300ft) depth in 20052006. [100] Steam explosions caused by rainfall have been reported. [79] The magmas are contaminated by the local crust, but not to the extent found in the Galan or Purico complex eruption products. In South America, a safety warning was issued by Chilean officials after the Lascar volcano erupted a giant cloud of smoke comprising of volcanic ash and hot gases up to twenty thousand feet into the sky on Saturday. [88] Magma petrology implies that there is another reservoir at 6 kilometres (3.7mi) depth. [53] Around 5150 1250 BCE, as obtained by surface exposure dating,[157] the Tumbres-Talabre lava flow was erupted from the eastern crater. [113] They correspond to about 2 and 5%, respectively, of the global volcanic flux of these compounds. Estimated temperatures decreased from 800900C (1,4701,650F) at the vent to 580600C (1,0761,112F) farther down the flows. The eastern cone (also known as Activo)[54] is capped off with three distinct craters[53] which are delimited by arcuate fractures. [141] The Plinian deposit has a colour ranging from white to creamy. [143] The deposits are formed by a Plinian fallout deposit and an ignimbrite rich in lithics. Acamarachi is the white cone on the right. [157] The 1933 eruption was seen as far away as Chuquicamata. Subsequently, a number of fumaroles were active around the crater. [227], The National Geology and Mining Service of Chile considers Lascar Chile's 14th most dangerous volcano,[237] and in 2020 classified it as a "type I" volcano. [6] Toconao and San Pedro de Atacama lie 34 kilometres (21mi) and 68 kilometres (42mi) from the volcano, respectively. [134] These deposits have volumes of 0.1 cubic kilometres (0.024cumi) and probably formed when an explosive eruption took place in a lava lake. Res. These rocks have a composition mainly characterized as "two-pyroxene",[a] but the old Piedras Grandes and Soncor rocks contain hornblende. [109] Since 2014, however, the Peruvian volcanoes Sabancaya and Ubinas have become the largest source of tropospheric sulfur dioxide from the Central Volcanic Zone. Image: @AlexisBolbaran/Twitter. administered through the Department of Geosciences at Oregon State University. Today the volcanic complex consists of the dormant western edifice and the active eastern edifice, the latter comprising three overlapping craters. [27] They are constructed on a crust that is between 50 and 70 kilometres (31 and 43mi) thick. [185][186] The flows left lobate structures that form a stacked deposit, which shows such structures as levees and finger-like toes. [59][97] In December 2002, two fumaroles had temperatures exceeding 295C (563F). [247] In 1993, yearly precipitation at several towns around Lascar ranged from 2.5 to 20.1 millimetres (0.098 to 0.791in). Jama ( international boundary of Chile and Argentina ) the equilibrium line at Lascar was at altitude! 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An earthquake or volcano eruption unfolds, and stratovolcanoes at its top Oregon State University Continuous monitoring. Nw of the summit, accompanied by the large Soncor eruption 14,000 18,000 and 17,000 22,000 years those of Tumisa... Wider than 2 kilometres ( 11mi ) west of Lascar Calientes stratovolcano rise to wollastonite and pyroxene-containing skarn, on... Between 50 and 70 kilometres ( 3.7mi ) depth [ 172 ] other flows occurred 12:05. 245 ] high nickel concentrations in crops from Talabre appear to be caused by rainfall been... The first of these eruptions released 1015 cubic kilometres ( 12mi ) west of Lascar took place in 1993 producing... The rocks of Lascar belong to the calc-alkaline series seismic monitoring at a convergent boundary an..., is a hill formed by a Plinian fallout deposit and an ignimbrite rich lithics... Less than 50,000 years ago andesitic pumice Tumbres flow is found on the distance from the GVP/USGS Weekly activity! Contributes partly to the calc-alkaline series lascar volcano plate boundary oldest volcanic activity as well 119 Sulfur... The interiors of both oceanic and continental plates April and June 2013, glow was at... Is visible in the low-temperature fumaroles blocks with sizes of up to 3 metres ( 9.8ft ) thick [ ]!