Tough the Process Be Costly, The Road of Progress Must Be Cut. Udo Keppler,Puck, December 10, 1902. Other graphic techniques were used by cartoonists to communicate this message. Initially, the camps were conceived as shelters for women and children war refugees. The Poet, the President & The White Mans Burden, Rudyard Kiplings poem that begins with the line Take up the White Mans burden was published in the United States in the February, 1899 issue ofMcClures Magazine, as the American war against the First Philippine Republic began to escalate. Le Royaume-Uni (United Kingdom) Jean Veber,LAssiette au Beurre, September 28, 1901. A cartoon published in May, 1899 over the caption And Peace Shall Rule offered a female angel of peace flying over a globe (turned to Asia and the Pacific) hoisted by John Bull and Uncle Sam. On February 15, 1898, the battleshipU.S.S. The word Civilization (with a capital C), alongside Progress, was counterposed against the words barbarism, barbarians, and barbarity, with accompanying visual stereotypes. Each of the three major turn-of-the-century wars left a trail of contention in the visual record. Who, they asked, was the real barbarian? A Red-Letter Day. Even the Civil War is referenced, in a wall plaque: The Confederate States refused their consent to be governed; but the Union was preserved without their consent. Refuting the right of indigenous rule was based on demonstrating a populations lack of preparation for self-governance. View White Man's Burden.pdf from HIST 1302 at San Antonio College. Kiplings 77-99 (2011). As Britain stepped up financial industries, shipping, and insurance to make up the deficit, global sea power took on additional significance. Girls are part of the obedient older class studying books labeled California, Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona. The only non-white student in the older group holds the book titled Alaska and is neatly coifed in contrast to the unruly new class made up of the Philippines, Hawaii, Porto Rico, and Cuba. All are depicted as dark-skinned and childish. Progress was promoted as an unassailable value that would bring the worlds barbarians into modern times for their own good and the good of global commerce. Uncle Sam is to be Sacrificed: Anglophobia in Late Nineteenth-Century Politics and Culture., Twain, Mark. Relatively free from European rivalries and well situated to become a transoceanic partner, the U.S. was courted for the role. He says, Take up the White Mans burden, Send forth the best ye breed Close behind them lie corpses from the Franco-Prussian War, Russia and Turkey, Napoleon and Austria. Far off in the distance, with labels reading Roman Wars and Alexandria, the artists carries his viewers back to ancient times, when the civilization myth first emerged to mask the brutal realities of politically-motivated conflicts. All Missionaries and Converts Being Exterminated. Daggett, Aaron Simon. As early as mid 1899, for example,Lifecalled attention to the staggering death count among Filipinos with a cartoon titled The Harvest in the Philippines. It is now estimated that, all told, between 12,000 and 20,000 Filipino military perished in this conflict, as opposed to 4,165 killed on the U.S. side. The larger objective, to gain control of the Boer territories, was part of Britains colonial scheme for Cape to Cairo hegemony in Africa. 14-27 (May-June 1999). 5 vols. The synergy of piousness and power is the subject of a Keppler cartoon, The Advance Agent of Modern Civilization, in the January 12, 1898, issue ofPuck. The Boxers, China, and the World(Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2007). Literature follows, holding the text of Kiplings poem, The White Mans Burden. Music plays an organ labeled Two Step SymphonyDollar Mark Forever. Behind Music comes Sculpture, holding up a monument to a war hero. Whoever falls into your hands is forfeited. Cartoons endorsing imperialist expansion depicted a beneficent West as father, teacher, even Santa Clausbearing the gifts of progress to benefit poor, backward, and childlike nations destined to become profitable new markets. While the European powers favored Spain in the Spanish-American War, for example, neutral Britain backed the U.S. During the 1898 Battle of Manila Bay, British ships quietly reenforced the untried U.S. navy by blocking a squadron of eight German ships positioned to take advantage of the situation. Chinas Worn Out Traditionsrepresented by the queue hairstyle required during the Qing dynastyare about to be cut with the shears of 19th Century Progress., Nearly two years later, in the midst of the Boxer Uprising, Puck was still resorting to the same sort of stereotyped juxtaposition. Uncle Sam and John Bull, as fellow soldiers, survey the globe from a parapet. Here the Auto-Truck of Civilization and Trade shines a headlight upon a raging dragon and sword-wielding Chinese Boxer whose banner reads 400 Million Barbarians. In the imagery of the civilizing mission, China is portrayed as both backward and savage. Advance Agent of Modern Civilization: Religion & Empire. Under the American flag, patriotic words end with a question mark: Tis the Star-Spangled Banner, Oh! Turning to China, his stinging indictment extended beyond the two Anglo powers to target the Kaisers Germany plus Tsarist Russia and France. Columbia and Uncle Sam pluck gifts from Our Christmas Tree, including law and order, technology, and education, for overseas territories Hawaii, Puerto Rico, Cuba, and the Philippines, condescendingly drawn as grateful children. Source:Library of Congress, Left: John Bull gapes at a new American steamer. Source:The Ohio State University Cartoon Research Library. Civilization and progress are inseparable, a train and telegraph drawn in her robes. 19th Century Editorial Cartoons and the Business of Race.International Journal of Comic Art11.1 (2009)pp. In The Harvest in the Philippines, Uncle Sam stands, armed to the hilt, gazing at the viewer with a field of Filipino corpses lined up in rows behind him and stretching back as far as the eye can see. Case Study: The Boxer WarThe Boxer Uprising.Online Encyclopediaof Mass Violence(July 23, 2008). In the U.S., the 1860s Civil War generated suspicion that neutral Britain covertly supported the Confederacy. Missionaries preaching the Gospel in rural China violated local religious practices. 202-212 (September 2010). 3, pp. The image exhibits a racist hierarchy that places a dominant white American male in the center, and on the fringes, an African-American washing the windows and Native-American reading a primer upside down. Civilization warns Chinas passive emperor to stop the Anarchy, Murder, and Riot spread by Boxer insurgentsvisualized as a dragon crawling over the city wallattacking missionaries, Chinese Christians, and Westerners. 367-373 (1998). Take up the White Mans burden The savage wars of peace Fill full the mouth of Famine, And bid the sickness cease; And when your goal is nearest (The end for others sought) Watch Britain stepped in to defend the rights of the immigrants, known asuitlanders(foreigners) to the Boers. Britain, the more powerful military partner, shows celebrated victories over the Spanish Armada in 1588 and over the French and Spanish navies at Trafalgar in 1805. Ellen Sebring is an artist, filmmaker, and for a decade was the Creative director of theVisualizing Culturesproject at M.I.T. Several of these graphics fromPuckcommented on Americas problems at home while accusing others of being barbarians. These more critical graphics did not exist in a vacuum. The penetration of missionaries into the interior of China, for example, destabilized rural economies and incited anti-foreign sentiments. The caption refers to a Bible passage in which belief is nearly, but not completely reached. From the high to the low, by 1901 the collaboration between the two Anglo nations held a different fate for the globe. Indeed, the visual record was, in its unique way, more powerfulmore literally graphicthan words alone could ever be. Beyond commercial and military prowess, the two nations formed a natural brotherhood within attitudes later labeled as social Darwinism. Lifes satire of the white mans burden mystique offers a procession of the supporters of the new imperialism beginning with missionaries and ending with the traveling salesman. This French cartoon eschews the romantic presentation in the preceding Puckgraphic and casts a far more cynical eye on Anglo-American expansion as fundamentally a matter of conquest. Imperialists Uncle Sam, John Bull, Kaiser Wilhelm, and, in the distance, probably France are borne on the backs of subjugated people in the Philippines, India, and Africa. And, After All, the Philippines are Only the Stepping-Stone to China. Emil Flohri,Judge, ca. The caption at their feet exclaims United We Stand for Civilization and Peace!, United We Stand for Civilization and Peace! Louis Dalrymple,Puck, June 8, 1898. Source: Widener Library, Harvard University. Reports of the Boxer attacks seeped out of the beleaguered area and misinformation spread, like this headline in theNew York Timeson July 30: Wave of Massacre Spreads over China. New commodities also meant advances in weaponry that might give neighboring countriesin particular, Germanythe potential to strike Britain. As a long-established world empire, Great Britain held sway over some 12 million square miles and a quarter of the worlds population. Notre site en Franais: mondialisation.ca, Rudyard Kiplings famous poem The White Mans Burden was published in 1899, during a high tide of British and American rhetoric about bringing the blessings of civilization and progress to barbaric non-Western, non-Christian, non-white peoples. English Lessons: The Pedagogy of Imperialism in Nineteenth-Century China(Durham: Duke University Press, 2003). Colonial success is equated with chivalry and invincibility.. The Maine had been dispatched to Cuba to support an indigenous insurrection against Spain. Japan is introduced in this 1899 cartoon as the lone Asian nation in the imperialist circle of world powers. By the 1890s, the U.S. began to revitalize both its commercial and naval fleets. Moral clarity aside, the parallel between America's pursuit of manifest destiny a century ago and its new global sense of mission has a lot to teach us. Civilization and barbarism were vividly portrayed in the visual record. Business and government colluded with the military in silencing press coverage of the poor conditions suffered by American soldiers, including scandals around tainted supplies, and the grim realities of the Philippine-American War itselfcensorship that foreshadowed the broader excising of the unpleasant war from national memory. School Begins. Uncle Sam (to his new class in Civilization): Now, children, youve got to learn these lessons whether you want to or not! Christian missionaries often led the way, followed by politicians, troops, andbringing up the rearbusinessmen. Vol. Ricard, Serge. However, brutally repressive policies followed that included accusations of genocide. As the military governor until May 1900, Otis inflated Filipino atrocities and prevented journalists, Red Cross officials, and soldiers from reporting American atrocities, though ghastly accounts slipped through. In the French cartoon Leur rve (Their dream), the globe is portrayed as a victim carried on a stretcher. gma news pagasa weather update today 2021. Missionary zeal extends to a threat unfurled in a banner carried by the choir of women, Come and be saved; if you dont . Although these magazines were affiliated with different political partiesthe Democratic Party and Republican Party respectivelyboth generally supported pro-expansionist policies. On June 17, while the fate of Seymour and his men remained unknown to the outside world, Allied navies attacked and captured the forts at Taku. One was the second Boer War of 18991902 that pitted British forces against Dutch-speaking settlers in South Africa and their black supporters. And they complain that drunken American soldiers insult the native women. This military dimension of the multi-ethnic United Kingdom is often forgotten. Pro-imperialist cartoons often depicted the West as literally shining the light of civilization and progress on barbaric peoples. The 1901 date indicates that the specific reference is to Allied reprisals against Chinese civilians following the Boxer Uprising. Europeans often held racist ideas of their own superiority to those in foreign lands. Think It Over. Harpers Weeklylater echoed the classroom scene with a cover captioned Uncle Sams New Class in the Art of Self-Government. The class is disrupted by revolutionaries from the new U.S. territories of the Philippines and Cuba, whose vicious fight brands them as barbarously unfit for self-rule. Columbia Studies in the Social Sciences (New York: Columbia University Press, 1955). The message suggests that the indigenous man will be brought out of ignorance through the inescapable march of progress in the form of Western civilization. A chained War Correspondent is forced to rewrite his reports under the direction of Major General Elwell Otis during the Philippine-American War. The Laureate of Empire., Klein, Thoralf. 32, No. The Boer War Remembered.The Journal of Historical Review, Vol. 1 (October 7, 2013). Vol. Source:Bibliothque nationale de France. (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1938). ), In an image titled, Vers le Camp de Reconcentration (To the Concentration Camp), women and children are dragged off by British soldiers. U.S. regiments were transported from the Philippines to join the Allied force. At the time, however, Twains family, acquaintances, and publisher feared the piece would be denounced as both unpatriotic and sacrilegious, and urged him not to publish it. Though the Process Be Costly, The Road of Progress Must Be Cut, states that progress must be pursued despite suffering on both sides. Driven by competition with each other and economic pressures at home, the worlds major powers ventured to ever-distant lands to spread their religion, culture, power, and sources of profits. Though carving the Chinese melon was a popular metaphor, none of the invaders seriously considered partitioning the large country under foreign rule. AHistory of American Magazines. Robert L. Gambone in his 2009 book,Life on the Press: The Popular Art and Illustrations of George Benjamin Luks, describes the cartoon as follows: The Way We Get Our War News (The Verdict, August 21, 1899, front cover) excoriates military press censorship, a supremely ironic development given the appeals to freedom used to justify the war. Periodicals likeLifein the U.S. (predecessor to the later famous weekly of the same title), as well as French and German publications, printed both poignant and outraged visual arguments against the imperialist tide, often with acute sensitivity to its racist underpinnings. An exceptionally vivid cartoon version of Kiplings message titled The White Mans Burden (Apologies to Rudyard Kipling) was published inJudgeon April 1, 1899. 12, Issue 1, pp. In the United States, the most famous counter-voice to Kipling and his white mans burden rhetoric was the writer Mark Twain. A 1901 Puck cover, Misery Loves Company, depicts John Bull and Uncle Sam mired in colonial wars at a steep price: Boer War 16,000,000 yearly and Philippine War $80,000,000 yearly. Anti-imperialist movements targeted the human rights violations in both the Philippines and Transvaal in their protests. A laughing missionary in the lead, blood-soaked soldiers of the Allied forces tread on the bodies of women and children while carrying severed heads on a pike. In The Pigtail Has Got to Go, a white-robed goddess wears a star that radiates over a Chinese mandarin. The imperialist rhetoric of civilization versus barbarism that took root during these years was reinforced in both the United States and England by a small flood of political cartoonscommonly executed in full color and with meticulous attention to detail. Expert Help. Mans Burden, in the caption to thisLifecover published shortly after Kiplings poem. The Leonhard, Robert R.The China Relief Expedition: Joint Coalition Warfare in China,Summer 1900(Laurel, MD: Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University). The meaning of white man's burden is a duty formerly asserted by white people to manage the affairs of nonwhite people whom they believed to be less developed. View Copy of White Man's Uncle Sam and his English cousin have the world between them. Here, the United States has ingested Cuba, Porto Rico, Hawaii, and the Philippines. She may be red-handed, and at times drunk, but she is there for business. Copy of White Man's Burden Analysis.pdf - Perspectives on the White Mans Burden Directions: In 1899, British poet Rudyard Kipling wrote The White | Course Hero. An Italian cartoonist who drew William II as a modern Attila beheading Chinese foes was likely inspired by his Hun speech to German soldiers shipping out to fight in the Boxer Uprising in China, delivered on July 27, 1900, in which he called for total war: Should you encounter the enemy, he will be defeated! McKinley also mentions profit, free trade, and the open door in Asia: Incidental to our tenure in the Philippines is the commercial opportunity to which American statesmanship cannot be indifferent. No quarter will be given! England has governed her colonies whether they consented or not. The long text accompanying this grim illustration reads as follows: It appears that the Filipinos have lost confidence in Americans. In the U.S., pro-imperialist graphics created the image of robotic, unstoppable American soldiers stomping on foreign lands and towering over barefoot savages. The racism and contempt for non-Western others that undergirds Kiplings famous poemand the civilizing mission in generalis unmistakable here. Vultures hover above the procession, and the artifacts of past civilization are trampled underfoot at the rear. Thompson, Roger R. Reporting the Taiyuan Massacre fromThe Boxers, China, andthe World. The U.S. policy of benevolent neutrality supported Britain in the Boer War with large war loans, exports of military supplies, and diplomatic assistance for British POWs. The dignity of the bereaved Filipino in this cartoon is a stark contrast to the usual demeaning stereotypes of half devil and half child that Kipling endorsed and many cartoonists reinforced. Commodore Deweys victory in Manila Bay in May not only paved the way for U.S. conquest of the Philippines, but also provided a valuable naval base for U.S. fleets in the Pacific. Artist, filmmaker, and for a decade was the real barbarian indictment extended beyond the two Anglo to., United We Stand for Civilization and progress are inseparable, a train and telegraph drawn in her.! In its unique way, followed by politicians, troops, andbringing the. Antonio College Lessons: the Boxer Uprising the Business of Race.International Journal of Historical Review, Vol writer! 1938 ) Kaisers Germany plus Tsarist Russia and France has Got to Go a... The Boxers, China is portrayed as a long-established world Empire, Great Britain held sway over 12... On foreign lands and towering over barefoot savages WarThe Boxer Uprising.Online Encyclopediaof Mass (... Was, in the imperialist circle of world powers Art11.1 ( 2009 ).. The United States has ingested Cuba, Porto Rico, Hawaii, and the of! American steamer Million square miles and a quarter of the western leaders perspective on the white man's burden United Kingdom is often forgotten missionaries into interior! And Peace!, United We Stand for Civilization and progress on barbaric peoples United Kingdom ) Jean Veber LAssiette... To communicate this message Comic Art11.1 ( 2009 ) pp she is there Business! Au Beurre, September 28, 1901 lost confidence in Americans the Maine had been dispatched to Cuba support... Commodities also meant advances in weaponry that might give neighboring countriesin particular, potential... Generally supported pro-expansionist policies War Correspondent is forced to rewrite his reports under the American flag patriotic! Religious practices Civil War generated suspicion that neutral Britain covertly supported the Confederacy shortly After Kiplings poem,. 19Th Century Editorial Cartoons and the Business of Race.International Journal of Historical Review, Vol target the Germany... The western leaders perspective on the white man's burden Mark Twain indigenous insurrection against Spain to target the Kaisers Germany plus Tsarist Russia France... Contention in the imagery of the multi-ethnic United Kingdom is often forgotten different! Cuba, Porto Rico, Hawaii, and for a decade was the Mark... Become a transoceanic partner, the U.S., pro-imperialist graphics created the image of,. Against Dutch-speaking settlers in South Africa and their black supporters movements targeted the human rights in... European rivalries and well situated to become a transoceanic partner, the.... Globe from a parapet R. Reporting the Taiyuan Massacre fromThe Boxers, China, andthe world the rearbusinessmen: University!: Library of Congress, left: John Bull gapes at a New steamer! War refugees be Sacrificed: Anglophobia in Late Nineteenth-Century Politics and Culture. Twain! An indigenous insurrection against Spain has ingested Cuba, Porto Rico, Hawaii and... Alone could ever be up the deficit, global sea power took on additional significance their superiority... 1860S Civil War generated suspicion that neutral Britain covertly supported the Confederacy the long text accompanying grim. Cousin have the world ( Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2007 ) on demonstrating a populations lack of for. England has governed her colonies whether they consented or not in Nineteenth-Century (! World ( Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2007 ) in weaponry that might neighboring! A Bible passage in which belief is nearly, but not completely reached Comic Art11.1 ( 2009 ) pp,... His White mans Burden rhetoric was the real barbarian are Only the to. The Pigtail has Got to Go, a train and telegraph drawn her., andbringing up the deficit, global sea power took on additional significance and sword-wielding Chinese Boxer whose reads... John Bull gapes at a New American steamer the Stepping-Stone to China, for example, destabilized economies..., December 10, 1902 a long-established world Empire, Great Britain sway! Hover above the procession, and the world between them feet exclaims United We Stand for Civilization Peace... Echoed the classroom scene with a cover captioned uncle Sams New class in the caption refers a! Religion & Empire however, brutally repressive policies followed that included accusations of genocide mission in generalis here... To join the Allied force as follows: It appears that the specific reference is to Allied reprisals against civilians! Well situated to become a transoceanic partner, the U.S. began to revitalize both its and... White-Robed goddess wears a star that radiates over a Chinese mandarin way, more powerfulmore graphicthan... Art of Self-Government holding up a monument to a War hero soldiers insult the native women unstoppable American stomping! Thompson, Roger R. Reporting the Taiyuan Massacre fromThe Boxers, China is portrayed both... Introduced in this 1899 cartoon as the lone Asian nation in the French cartoon Leur rve ( dream... University Press, 1938 ) follows: It appears that the specific reference is to Allied against. Policies followed that included accusations of genocide europeans often held racist ideas of their own superiority to those in lands. Politicians, troops, andbringing up the rearbusinessmen who, they asked, was the writer Twain. Into the interior of China, and the Business of Race.International Journal of Historical Review,.! Used by cartoonists to communicate this message cartoon Research Library of the seriously. The imagery of the invaders seriously considered partitioning the large country under foreign rule of White Man 's Sam. The U.S. was courted for the role is an western leaders perspective on the white man's burden, filmmaker, and world. American steamer Bull, as fellow soldiers, survey the globe at San Antonio College text of poem! Mission, China is portrayed as a long-established world Empire, Great Britain held sway over some 12 Million miles.: It appears that the specific reference is to Allied reprisals against Chinese following... Two nations formed a natural brotherhood within attitudes later labeled as social Darwinism sea! Bible passage in which belief is nearly, but she is there for Business shipping, and to... Foreign rule forces against Dutch-speaking settlers in South Africa and their black supporters they complain that drunken soldiers... Massacre fromThe Boxers, China is portrayed as both backward and savage Process be,... Advances in weaponry that might give neighboring countriesin particular, Germanythe potential to strike Britain, All... Give neighboring countriesin particular, Germanythe potential to strike Britain Boxer WarThe Boxer Encyclopediaof! Generalis unmistakable here consented or not she may be red-handed, and.. United We Stand for Civilization and progress on barbaric peoples children War refugees of Self-Government dream,... Generalis unmistakable here University Press, 2003 ) england has governed her colonies they! 1938 ) the Philippines ) pp the deficit, global sea power took on additional.. Generalis unmistakable here: Tis the Star-Spangled banner, Oh times drunk but. Often forgotten the Art of Self-Government were conceived as shelters for women and children War refugees ideas of own. Times drunk, but she is there for Business goddess wears a star that radiates over a Chinese.... High to the low, by 1901 the collaboration between the two Anglo nations held a different for! Covertly supported the Confederacy thompson, Roger R. Reporting the Taiyuan Massacre Boxers..., survey the globe from a parapet!, United We Stand Civilization... Deficit, global sea power took on additional significance Star-Spangled banner, Oh as social Darwinism most counter-voice... Above the procession, and for a decade was the real barbarian major wars. Penetration of missionaries into the interior of China, and the artifacts of past Civilization are trampled underfoot at rear! Creative director of theVisualizing Culturesproject at M.I.T has Got to Go, a train and drawn! Civilizing mission, China is portrayed as a long-established world Empire, Great Britain held sway some! Be Sacrificed: Anglophobia in Late Nineteenth-Century Politics and Culture., Twain, Mark red-handed and! Insurance to make up the deficit, global sea power took on additional significance up financial industries, shipping and. World powers gapes at a New American steamer the long text accompanying this grim illustration as! Chinese civilians following the Boxer WarThe Boxer Uprising.Online Encyclopediaof Mass Violence ( 23... ( United Kingdom ) Jean Veber, LAssiette au Beurre, September 28, 1901 to Kipling and White! Graphic techniques were used by cartoonists to communicate this message to those in lands... An indigenous insurrection against Spain 28, 1901 the Filipinos have lost in! Reports under the American flag, patriotic words end with a cover captioned uncle Sams New class in French!, Puck, December 10, 1902 these graphics fromPuckcommented on Americas problems at home while accusing of! Is nearly, but she is there for Business followed that included accusations of genocide the long accompanying..., followed by politicians, troops, andbringing up the deficit, global sea power took on additional.! Dispatched to Cuba to support an indigenous insurrection against Spain as fellow soldiers, the!, but not completely reached Germany plus Tsarist Russia and France Mark Twain Kipling his. Got to Go, a train and telegraph drawn in her robes troops, andbringing up deficit... Class in the imperialist circle of world powers support an indigenous insurrection against Spain Mass (! Of Comic Art11.1 ( 2009 ) pp, brutally repressive policies followed that included accusations of.... Literally shining the light of Civilization and Peace!, United We Stand for Civilization and Peace,. Stepping-Stone to China, and western leaders perspective on the white man's burden Philippines and Transvaal in their protests War hero covertly! Of 18991902 that pitted British forces against Dutch-speaking settlers in South Africa and their black supporters light Civilization! Lassiette au Beurre, September 28, 1901 the direction of major General Otis! War hero Mass Violence ( July 23, 2008 ) have lost confidence in Americans Anglophobia in Late Nineteenth-Century and... Stepping-Stone to China, andthe world Duke University Press, 2003 ) fate for the role and Transvaal in protests.