Those who failed to fulfill these expectations were often punished for it. They had 3 children: Maud Aiken and 2 other children. However, many other officials were wary of Henry Flagler. Gainesville, FL. The baby, named Margery, died when she was only a few hours old. But Standard Oil adapted, developing its own European presence, expanding into natural gas production in the U.S., then into gasoline for automobiles, which until then had been considered a waste product. First, Dr. Anderson worked through the bureaucracy to get Flagler approval to fill in the marshland that was west of the original town plan. Two years after his first wife died in 1881, he married again. "The Mary Lily Kenan Conspiracy." [9], By 1869, there was three times more kerosene refining capacity than needed to supply the market, and the capacity remained in excess for many years. 0:58. Rockefeller worked in association with chemist and inventor Samuel Andrews. This was the case for many wealthy men during the Civil War, including Henry's future business partner, John D. Rockefeller. In 1885 he decided to build a luxury hotel there which would attract the country's elite. Harry and Annie's daughter Jean Louise Flagler made Palm Beach a large part of her life. Captain of the submarine USS Watertown (SSN-696) who reluctantly helps Harm and Mac with investigations involving a boat he commanded. In a few years, it seems he embraced the life of a wealthy widower. [11] The cartel received preferential treatment as a high-volume shipper, which included not just steep rebates of up to 50% for their product but also rebates for the shipment of competing products. [64], On February 24, 2006, a statue of Flagler was unveiled in Key West near the spot where the Over-Sea Railroad once terminated. "[59], In March 1913, Flagler fell down a flight of marble stairs at Whitehall. Perhaps Henry Flagler already planned that he would need a physician to confirm his wife suffered from insanity. It was first established in Ohio. Henry started spending a great deal more time in Florida, soon claiming the state as his permanent residence. Nothing major just language that "[made] incurable insanity a ground for divorce.". (2022) "Historical Person Profile: Henry Flagler." Henry Flagler's first visit to Florida was in the winter of 1878-9. St. Augustine, FL: The St. Augustine Historical Society. Flagler and Rockefeller had envisioned the use of pipelines as an alternative transport system for oil and began a campaign to build and acquire them. The current sanctuary building that is seen today was built in the late 1880s and early 1890s by gracious donations from Henry Morrison Flagler. Though he didn't recognize him through his medicinal stupor, Henry Flagler's only son, Harry Harkness, was at his father's bedside alongside Mary Lily Kenan Flagler, whom Harry was actually meeting for the first time. All this is to say that the winter and spring of 1885 were life-changing for Henry Flagler and his circle. Henry Flagler had realized his dream and slipped quietly from this world at his ocean cottage 'Nautalis' on May 20, 1913, in Palm Beach, Florida. Flagler completed the 1,100-room Royal Poinciana Hotel on the shores of Lake Worth in Palm Beach and extended his railroad to its service town, West Palm Beach, by 1894, founding Palm Beach and West Palm Beach. It was in the late 1850s that Flagler met John D. Rockefeller who was working for a Cleveland grain broker and traveled the hinterlands in search of business. "[38] Flagler and Rockefeller worked hard for their company to achieve such prominence. He married his second wife, Miss Ida Shrouds, the daughter of a Philadelphia minister, in 1883. Through this business, Flagler became acquainted with John D. Rockefeller, who worked as a commission agent with Hewitt and Tuttle for the Harkness Grain Company. Control of the Flagler fortune largely passed into the hands of Mary Lily Kenan's family of sisters and brother, who survived into the 1960s. In 1882, Flagler and Rockefeller's lawyers created an innovative form of corporation to centralize their holdings, giving birth to the Standard Oil Trust. "[27] Over time foreign competition and new finds abroad eroded his dominance. In fact, the exterior bares a memorial script to his daughter who perished giving birth to his . "How Slave Labor Built the State of Florida Decades After the Civil War." [27] In spite of the formation of the trust and its perceived immunity from all competition, by the 1880s Standard Oil had passed its peak of power over the world oil market. Second Marriage, Second Sojourn to St. Augustine After a time, Flagler began to turn over some of his duties at Standard Oil to younger blood. [62], Flagler was entombed in the Flagler family mausoleum at Memorial Presbyterian Church in St. Augustine alongside his first wife, Mary Harkness; daughter, Jenny Louise; and granddaughter, Marjorie. She lived the rest of her life in New York, under strict supervision by her guardians (who were chosen by Flagler, of course). For the train, see, Alleged use of convict leasing and debt peonage, Martin, p. 56, quoting Edwin Lefevre, in "Flagler and Florida" from, Joe Knetsch, "The Peonage Controversy and the Florida East Coast Railway,", University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, "Madoff scandal stuns Palm Beach Jewish community", "292: Colonel Joseph D. Potts Leader in the Pennsylvania on LiveAuctioneers", "The Story of Convict Leasing in Florida", "Statutes & Constitution :View Statutes: Online Sunshine", "Slavery Revisited: Peonage in the South", "How slave labor built the state of Florida decades after the Civil War", "Abstracts of Reports of the Immigration Commission, Vol II", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henry_Flagler&oldid=1125174074, Jennie Louise (March 18, 1855 March 25, 1889), Knetsch, Joe. Racked with bronchitis and unable to do much for herself, Mary joined Henry in the Buckingham Hotel. Rogers, in particular, became one of Flagler and Rockefeller's key men in the formation of the Standard Oil Trust. By the end of this field trip, we hope will you have an understanding of who Henry Flagler was, and the great impact he had on the state of Florida! When asked by the president of Rollins College in Winter Park about his philanthropic efforts, Flagler reportedly replied, "I believe this state is the easiest place for many men to gain a living. 1-17. As you can tell, Flagler spared no expense in constructing the Ponce de Leon Hotel, sometimes called 'The Prince of Hotels' by newspapers of the time. She and her family were given expensive gifts by Henry Flagler in celebration. Here is a list of Flagler's hotels (that he either purchased or built) along Florida's east coast: To learn more about Henry Flagler's East Coast Railway, consult the 'Works Referenced' section at the end of this Historical Person profile. The railroads were fighting fiercely for traffic and, in an attempt to create a cartel to control freight rates, formed the South Improvement Company in collusion with Standard and other oil men outside the main oil centers. Two years later, Flagler built the Palm Beach Inn (renamed The Breakers in 1901), overlooking the Atlantic Ocean in Palm Beach. Henry had 3 siblings: Melacinda Flagler and 2 other siblings. It seems that if too many limits had been placed on Henry Flagler's projects, St. Augustine would not be the city we know today. [citation needed], One of the most effective attacks on Flagler and Rockefeller and their firm was the 1905 publication of The History of the Standard Oil Company, by Ida Tarbell, a leading muckraker. Hotel Ponce de Leon: The Architecture & Decoration. Henry is also best known as, Entrepreneur best known as the founder of Standard Oil and for helping to develop what came to be known as the Florida East Coast Railway. Luckily, the couple found the city to be even more promising than before. Perhaps those years after the Civil War were what imbued Flagler with his infamously shrewd business practices. Sets with similar terms swee1122 Over 30 years, Flagler had invested about $50 million in railroad, home and hotel construction and had made donations to suffering farmers after the freeze in 1894. Their efforts to monopolize the oil industry are referred to as the 'Cleveland Massacre,' and though John D. Rockefeller is generally more well-known than Henry Flagler, quotes from Rockefeller credit Flagler with the monopolization idea. He planned to build a hotel on that land, one that gave Northern tourists a fine place to spend their money. However there were many reports harsh working conditions and forced indebtedness to the company, and malfeasance by labor agents who hired men for the railway. Mary Lily Kenan Flagler Bingham was an American philanthropist and heiress who became notorious when she married one of the richest men of the Gilded Age. Flagler controlled a vast fortune, which he earned by buying out small oil refineries and creating a monopoly with Standard Oil. The Washington Post. The National Petroleum Exchange opened in Manhattan in late 1882 to facilitate the oil futures trading. The top-ranked Kenan-Flagler Business School at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill is named for Flagler and his wife, who was an early benefactor of UNC along with her family and descendants. If you ask the same question in Florida, most people will have known someone who lives on Flagler Blvd., in Flagler County, or down the road from the Flagler Museum. Carrie died at the age of 3. She left the millions she inherited to members of her family and to the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. The hotel, the Ponce de Leon, was a success. Henry Flagler, son of a Presbyterian minister, had Memorial Presbyterian Church built in memory of his daughter Jennie Louise Flagler Benedict and her newborn daughter Margery, both of whom died in 1889. Eldest daughter Jennie Louise died when she was a young woman (more on her later). University Press of Florida. This 'FEC' project had been underway since the late 1880s, when Flagler purchased the St. Augustine & Halifax Railroad in Jacksonville. Middle child Carrie died just before Christmas in the same year that Henry's mother died (1861). Mary was born in Ohio in 1833. Flagler was the only person to be divorced under the law before it was repealed in 1905. You see, demand for salt had risen with the beginning of the war it was necessary for the preservation of food for the troops. Played by Tom Amandes. She is next to her mother and Flagler's first wife, Marjorie Mary Harkness Flagler. Standard's most potent weapons against competitors were underselling, differential pricing, and secret transportation rebates. During this time he worked to pay back his stepbrother. He declined the honor, persuading them to use an old Indian name, "Mayaimi". Estate All the things he owned. The rumor mill suspected that this change in priorities was due to Henry's association with one Ida Alice Shourds a red-haired, green-eyed actress who was rumored to have been Mary Harkness Flagler's nursemaid during her final years. The same year that she arrived in New York, her doctors insisted that she spend the winter in a kinder climate. Only his son Harry survived of the three children by his first marriage in 1853 to Mary Harkness. It soon was doing one tenth of all the petroleum business in the United States. During this trip, they went to St. Augustine and the city intrigued Flagler. However, this building's history is tragic and short. Dr. Shelton had attended Flagler's daughter Jennie Benedict when she died from complications after childbirth in 1889. 91 is preserved inside a Beaux Arts pavilion built to look like a 19th-century railway palace. VisitStAugustine.com. He was also a key figure in the development of the Atlantic coast of Florida and founder of the Florida East Coast Railway. Together, the three set their sights on opening a distillery that would serve nearby railroad workers. Henry Flagler didn't leave the sanitarium wanting, however, as Alice's estate (to which only her Flagler-hired guardians had direct access) was full of Standard Oil stocks. When the Civil War broke out, Dan Harkness was among the first in Bellevue, Ohio to enlist in the Union efforts. Last Train to Paradise. Henry Morrison Flagler (1830 - 1913) Henry Morrison Flagler Born 2 Jan 1830 in Hopewell, Ontario, New York, USA Ancestors Son of Isaac Flagler and Elizabeth (Caldwell) Flagler Brother of Stephen Vanderburgh Harkness [half] and Daniel Morrison Harkness [half] Husband of Mary (Harkness) Flagler married 9 Nov 1853 (to 18 May 1881) in Huron, Ohio [citation needed][66], "Henry M. Flagler" redirects here. Along with the mounting unrest between himself and Ida Alice, Flagler was also butting heads with his son, Harry. [citation needed], Needing capital for his new venture, Rockefeller approached Flagler in 1867. The company collapsed when the war undercut commercial demand for salt. Henry Flalger entombed on the right Jennie Louise is currently entombed inside of the church with her infant daughter, Majorie, in her arms. May 17, 2018. After a few short weeks, the family all moved back to New York, much to the detriment of Mary Harkness Flagler's health, which got progressively worse in the coming years. Flagler and Rockefeller finally gave up their dream of controlling all the world's oil refining. Graham, Thomas and Leslee F. Keys. Chicago: VisitStAugustine.com. Their only son was born in 1870. As he went, Flagler spent exorbitant amounts of money to build hotels in certain cities along the way. FLORIDA KEYS Henry Morrison Flagler never lived in the Florida Keys, but he left a more lasting and valuable mark on the island chain than many lifelong residents. Jennie Louise was now a young married woman of twenty-four years; Carrie had died as a child; the son Harry was eight. Hello students! During the early 1880s, Flagler outsourced the care of young Harry to his half-sister Carrie and daughter Jennie Louise. the Trust and Non-Profit Organization established by Flagler's grand-daughter Jean Flagler Matthews, to preserve Whitehall, has . [52] A spouse's mental incapacity was later restored by the legislature as a grounds for dissolution of marriage, and remains the law of Florida today. Standiford, Les. He built a railroad bridge across the St. Johns River to gain access to the southern half of the state and purchased the Hotel Ormond, just north of Daytona. A major New York refiner, Charles Pratt and Company, headed by Charles Pratt and Henry H. Rogers, led the opposition to this plan, and railroads soon backed off. The Paris Rothschilds jumped into the fray providing financing. Several years later, in 1870, their only son, Henry Harkness Flagler, was born. [46], Realizing the need for a sound transportation system to support his hotel ventures, Flagler purchased short line railroads in what would later become known as the Florida East Coast Railway. "[57][58], According to historian Joe Knetsch, reformers and muckrakers exaggerated charges of peonage regarding construction of the Florida East Coast Railway in 1893 to 1909. [28], Even though 85% of world crude production was still coming from Pennsylvania wells in the 1880s, overseas drilling in Russia and Asia began to reach the world market. After the death of Flagler's eldest daughter he made it his goal to create the magnificent sanctuary. Bostonian Franklin W. Smith had recently built his winter home, the Villa Zorayda, which caught Flagler's eye almost immediately. From there on out, Dr. Anderson was a major supporter and confidant of Henry Flagler, often acting as his business liaison in St. Augustine when Flagler was out of town. Harry, her son, was eleven years old. "Henry M. Flagler's Hotel Ponce de Len.". Standard Oil also had the highest capitalization, totaling $26,000,000 (equivalent to $784million in 2021). Due to the harsh working and living conditions in the railway construction camps, many workers became victims of debt slavery. "Our Own Riviera," Harper's New Monthly Magazine. But in the aftermath of that battle, in 1879 the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania indicted Flagler and Rockefeller on charges of monopolizing the oil trade, starting an avalanche of similar court proceedings in other states and making a national issue of Standard Oil's business practices. He is also known as a founder of the cities of Miami and Palm Beach, Florida. One of the grain brokers Flagler gave them the honored center positions in the mausoleum. An immense engineering effort was required to cut through the wilderness and marsh from St. Augustine to Palm Beach. Mrs. Layton, 33001, United States of America - Excellent location - show map. He was also a key figure in the development of the eastern coast of Florida along the Atlantic Ocean and was founder of what became the Florida East Coast Railway. Seasons 4, 6-7. "When John D. Rockefeller was asked if the Standard Oil company was the result of his thinking, he answered, 'No, sir. According to historian David Leon Chandler, Henry Flagler is believed to either have bought a deferment in 1862 or provided the government supplies instead of service. Though Flagler and Rockefeller had long maintained a policy of active silence with the press, they decided to make themselves more accessible and responded with conciliatory comments such as "capital and labor are both wild forces which require intelligent legislation to hold them in restriction. His lifelong interest was in music and its promotion, primarily in New York City. Covert, Robert. [32] More threatening to Standard's power was the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890, originally used to control unions, but later central to the breakup of the Standard Oil trust. Henry Morrison Flagler was an American industrialist and a founder of Standard Oil. [2] Flagler's mother was Elizabeth Caldwell Harkness Flagler, Isaac's third wife and a widow who had a stepson, Stephen V. Harkness, and a son, Daniel M. Harkness, from her marriage to deceased widower David Harkness of Milan, Ohio. His personal dedication to the state of Florida was demonstrated when he began construction on his private residence, Kirkside, in St. Augustine. Franklin W. Smith had just finished building Villa Zorayda and Flagler offered to buy it for his honeymoon. The Early Years of The Ponce de Leon: Clippings from an Old Scrap Book of those days. (2022). Flagler encouraged fruit farming and settlement along his railway line and made many gifts to build hospitals, churches and schools in Florida. For about fourteen or fifteen years, I have devoted my time exclusively to business, and now I am pleasing myself.'". His father, Isaac Flagler, was a Presbyterian minister. An incident that is commonly cited as being 'the straw that broke the camel's back' occurred on one of the Flaglers' expensive yachts (of which the couple had many the Alicia was even named after Ida Alice). NY By genealogy.com user October 24, 1999 at 04:39:45. Flagler divorced Shourds in 1901 and just 10 days later married Mary Lily Kenan. [13] Eventually, even former antagonists Pratt and Rogers saw the futility of continuing to compete against Standard Oil: in 1874, they made a secret agreement with their old nemesis to be acquired. Knetsch concludes that "Flagler in fact provided health care for his employees and was a far better employer than the press alleged. Struck by the tragic loss of his eldest daughter and first granddaughter, Henry Flagler sought solace in his business projects and the council of friends like Dr. Andrew Anderson. When he was a toddler, his two older half-sisters moved to New York to live with family, and Caroline ('Carrie') and Dan were Henry's constant companions. [56][57], When the Department of Justice prosecuted four Flagler employment agents in 1908 for "conspiracy to hold workmen in peonage and slavery," the Flagler-owned The Florida Times-Union and other Florida newspapers depending on the Times-Union for material or owned by Flagler published articles to "influence juries and public opinion." There is also a monument to him on Flagler Monument Island in Biscayne Bay in Miami; Flagler College and Flagler Hospital are named after him in St. Augustine. At least, not yet. The Venetian Renaissance style of the church is reflected in the pointed arches and Byzantine dome. First A Little On Henry Flagler. By 1880, according to the New York World, Standard Oil was "the most cruel, impudent, pitiless, and grasping monopoly that ever fastened upon a country. New York, NY: Macmillan Publishing Company, 1986. As such, the salt industry was tax-exempt during the Civil War and essential employees were exempt from the draft. Flagler and Rockefeller saw themselves as the industry's saviors, "an angel of mercy" absorbing the weak and making the industry as a whole stronger, more efficient, and more competitive. [30] Additional fields were discovered in Burma and Java. "[24] To the critics Flagler and Rockefeller replied, "In a business so large as ours some things are likely to be done which we cannot approve. According to Florida historian Thomas Graham in his book The Awakening of St. Augustine, an acquaintance of the businessman once inquired about whether his judgment was sound when he decided to invest in Florida (one can imagine that they may not have been acquaintances for very long afterward). . Generally, we are not often able to share specifics about the man himself. [17]This subsidiary, the Empire Transportation Company, which Joseph D. Potts created in 1865 and also ran, owned other assets including a small fleet of ships on the Great Lakes. Municipal, State, and Federal government officials questioned how many limits they should place on these "Captains of Industry." It was reported that people along the railway line waited all night for the passing of the funeral train as it traveled from Palm Beach to St. After a time, Flagler began to turn over some of his duties at Standard Oil to younger blood. The family moved as was necessary for Isaac's job, having lived in Virginia and Ohio during Henry's childhood. He would describe his childhood often as having been 'hungry and cold'. July, 1975. pg. By 1849, Flagler was promoted to the sales staff at a salary of $40 per month. As he grew older, he became determined to never be poor again. Their estate was called Kirkside and was built west of the Ponce de Leon property. Immediately, she began taking advantage of the fortune she had married into like any budding socialite, she loved gowns, jewelry, and yachts. He was also a key figure in the development of the Atlantic coast of Florida and founder of the Florida East Coast Railway. Day 2 - Flagler Legacy Tour - Flagler's Churches - St. Augustine Distillery - Dinner at Ice Plant Bar This morning after breakfast, meet your local guide for a Flagler Legacy Tour. This conflict created a breach between father and son that lasted until Henry Flagler was on his deathbed. The land owners were Julia Tuttle, whom he had met in Cleveland, Ohio, and William Brickell, who ran a trading post on the Miami River. So, Henry was the youngest of a large mixed family. Henry Morrison Flagler was born on January 2, 1830 in Hopewell, New York. [citation needed], In 1912, the Florida Overseas Railroad was completed to Key West. At last in 1911, the Supreme Court of the United States found Standard Oil Company of New Jersey in violation of the Sherman Antitrust Act. Asylum Hospital for crazy people. Whitehall, Palm Beach, is open to the public as the Henry Morrison Flagler Museum; his private railcar No. The committee ultimately discovered the previously unknown scope of Standard Oil's business interests. Henry Flagler is a famous Entrepreneurwho has a net worth of $60 Million. Flagler engaged Thomas Hastings and Jean Carrere of the Carrere & Hastings architectural firm to design the hotel. One stormy night, Alice is said to have nearly caused a shipwreck by not allowing the captain to return to port for several hours, despite experiencing gale-force winds and seasick friends. Throughout it all, Mary was made to brave her condition without her husband, who had taken to staying at the Buckingham Hotel in New York, completely immersed in the business of Standard Oil. We correct them as soon as they come to our knowledge. APA: VisitStAugustine.com. Flagler is quoted to have responded thusly: "There was once a good church member who had always lived a correct life until well advanced in years. "Flagler's Magnificent Hotel Ponce de Leon," FL: The Florida Historical Quarterly, Issue 54, Volume 1. In fact, after completing the eighth grade, he decided to leave home and went to Ohio to find his fortune. [1], Flagler was born in Hopewell, New York. [10] He was also a key figure in the development of the Atlantic coast of Florida and founder of what became the Florida East Coast Railway. Those first two seasons during which Flagler hosted an innumerable amount of parties, electric light displays, and opulent dinners (all of which were accompanied by music from the best musicians of the time) were met with eager approval by guests and the press. Birth Name: Henry Flagler Occupation: Entrepreneur Place Of Birth: NY Date Of Birth: January 2, 1830 Date Of Death: May 20, 1913 Cause Of Death: N/A Ethnicity: Unknown Nationality: American Henry Flagler was born on the 2nd of January, 1830. [14] Standard was growing horizontally and vertically. 10 days later married Mary Lily Kenan encouraged fruit farming and settlement along his railway and! Concludes that `` [ 59 ], Needing capital for his honeymoon completing the eighth,. Decided to build hotels in certain cities along the way year that Henry 's future business partner, D.... 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