Also find out how she got rich at the age of 67. In 1976, she moved to New York, frequenting the rock music and artistic worlds. The figure is without skin everywhere but her face, breasts and the area surrounding her navel. Covered are her last two shows at the Fawbush Gallery in New York C. The Fondation Thalie opens the year 2022 with an exhibition by American artist Kiki Smith.Inner Bodies brings together a corpus of some thirty works - including sculptures, tapestries and ceramics - made throughout the 2000s, most of which are presented in Brussels for the first time. From her home in New York, which also serves as her studio, Kiki Smith talks about the ongoing experimentation that drives her art, from the provocative sculptures of the female body that made her a leading feminist artist in the 1980s, to her more recent work that draws inspiration from the nature. Popularly known as the Artist of United States of America. One sees, from such traditions their influence on cultural models, hence, the presence within many medieval fairytales of the old hermit woman/witch who lived in the forest. Also learn how She earned most of networth at the age of 66 years old? Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Lying with the Wolf is part of a short series of works on paper based on fairy tales. Kiki Smith was born in 1954 in Nuremberg, Germany. Kiki Smith was born in 1954 to American parents living in Nuremberg, Germany. Rather, by removing her skin yet retaining those portions for which she was adored - her breasts, uterus and hands - Smith's sculpture reveals the affinity Mary shares with all women, the blood and bodily functions, the muscle, sinew, and bone. [39], In 2018, Smith took part in Frieze Sculpture (part of Frieze Art Fair, where her work Seer (Alice I), Timothy Taylor (gallery),[40] was presented in Regent's Park, London, England, from July 4 - October 7, 2018. Kiki Smith, (born January 18, 1954, Nrnberg, Germany), German-born American sculptor, installation artist, and printmaker whose intense and expressionistic work investigated the body and bodily processes. You can find out how much net worth Kiki has this year and how she spent her expenses. A sculpted latex hand rests submerged in a Mason jar, with algae indicating decomposition and a return to nature. Notable examples included the porcelain sculpture Woman with Wolf (2003), the collage Sitting with a Snake (2007), and the tapestry Sky (2011). Kiki-Smith, Io (Seated), 2005. Such an installation . For a short time in 1984, she studied to be an emergency medical technician and sculpted body parts, and by 1990, she began to craft human figures. Kiki Smith grew up in a vibrant artistic family; she is the daughter of the sculptor Tony Smith and the opera singer Jane Lawrence Smith. Left: Red leaves and Jim Raglione wood. Right: Stefan Mller painting and Jim Raglione light bulbs., Sunrise, Sunset bird and Ursula von Rydingsvards Hand in Net., Helmut Dorner and Little Red Riding Hoods., Metal-leaf expansion foam on the stairs., Kiki Smith Shares a Glimpse Into Her World, in Photographs, https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/28/t-magazine/kiki-smith-personal-photos.html. Kiki Smith has a net worth of $5.00 million (Estimated) which she earned from her occupation as Artist. The anonymous-looking, unidealized figures are Caucasian, depicted in mostly naturalistic skin-tones with areas of red-tinted mottling on each (the male figure is of noticeably ruddier complexion). In 2005, the artists first full-scale American museum survey titled Kiki Smith: A Gathering, 1980-2005 debuted at the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art. A large-scale, ink and graphite drawing on paper, a reclining female nude is depicted embracing a wolf couchant. Smith has experimented with a wide range of printmaking processes. She was born on January 18, 1954, in Nuremberg, West Germany, .Nuremberg is a beautiful and populous city located in Nuremberg, West Germany. Her figurative work of the late 1980s and early 1990s confronted subjects such as AIDS and gender, while recent works have depicted the human condition in relationship to nature. Kiki Smith (born January 18, 1954) is a West German-born American artist whose work has addressed the themes of sex, birth and regeneration. Although the viewer sees the figure in amazing detail, it is still completely anonymous. She uses a broad variety of materials to continuously expand and evolve a body of work that includes sculpture, printmaking, photography, drawing, and textiles. [43], In 2019, the Deste Foundation's Project Space at the Slaughterhouse on Hydra island featured Memory, a site specific exhibition. Her childhood experience in the Catholic Church, combined with a fascination for the human body, shaped her work conceptually. In 1984 Smith finished a definitively unfinished feminist no wave super8 film, begun in 1981, entitled Cave Girls (film). ", "I grew up in a family with lots of illness. Similarly to the writer, she uses myths and esoteric representations to epitomize the female body and soul. One day, this young artist (oh my, was I young when I married) came across the name Kiki Smith. Instead, the viewer is asked to acknowledge the woman beneath the veneer of holy mysticism. courtesy of Modern Art Oxford. 7 (1952), now owned by the Metropolitan Museum of Art. Kiki is gaining More popularity of her Profession on Twitter these days. In "Assembly II" she depicts a lineup of women -- her friends and assistants -- lined up beneath the row of bulbs, communicating the group dynamic necessary for progress. It is clear that all of these concepts directly influenced her work. In 2019 the Belvedere Museum in Vienna, Austria, presented a solo show of Smith entitled Processions , presenting about sixty works from the last three decades. Art, especially contemporary art was present at every stage of Smith's life; she often helped her father make paper models for his sculptures in their living room, and in his studio, after school. A feature on the Kiki Smith Photography official blog & website! If any artist could handle a misbehaving and even slightly disgusting body, Smith could. List of works Featured works (6) All Artworks by Date 110 (46) All Artworks by Date 101 (46) All Artworks by Name (46) Styles Feminist Art (42) Genres animal painting (4) figurative (13) installation (7) literary painting (2) . For the Claire Tow Theater above the Vivian Beaumont Theater, Smith conceived Overture (2012), a little mobile made of cross-hatched planks and cast-bronze birds. More recently Kiki Smith has shifted her focus from the human body to the animal kingdom, with an emphasis on birds, whose vulnerability and ethereality she believes mirror that of the human condition. Smith had considerable experience in printmaking, having experimented with monotype, and screen methods since the late 1970s. In summer 2019, the Lower Belvedere is presenting the multi-facetted oeuvre of the American artist Kiki Smith. Another sculpture, Lilith, a bronze with glass eyes is on display at the Metropolitan Museum of Art. edition of 10. In that way it's compatible with art." View Kiki Smith's 1,024 artworks on artnet. ", "All you are in the end is what you make. There was a family preoccupation with the body. With a special fascination with the body and bodily fluids, Smith often examines excreta such as blood, semen, and bile in carefully crafted sculptures that bear the . It's what preoccupies you. Personal touch and engage with her followers. In a certain sense, you're always being challenged to learn and investigate new things or new ways of making things or new technical aspects of things. Kiki Smith's Constellation is a meditation on the infinity of space and our human desire to know and tame it - to make it our own. Procession. shelved 1,509 times Showing 30 distinct works. Kiki is an ideal celebrity influencer. The daughter of American sculptor Tony Smith, Kiki Smith grew up in New Jersey. And all I can do is recognize it. Popularly known as the Artist of United States of America. Her father was minimalist sculptor Tony Smith and her mother was Jane Lawrence, an American actress and opera singer working in Germany at the time Kiki was born. The Artist with a large number of Twitter followers, with whom she shares her life experiences. Accessing the wolf-woman within requires one to abandon social and religious mores, and practice deep personal introspection in order to realize the true woman beneath long-practiced social strictures. The woman figure emerges nude from inside the powerful animal. She then moved to New York City in 1976 and joined Collaborative Projects (Colab), an artist collective. Kiki Smith (American, born January 18, 1954) is a German-born sculptor known for her works that deal with bodily themes, abjection, and sexuality. The Virgin with Dove was achieved with an airbrushed aquatint, an acid resist that protects the copper plate. She has gone on to create works that explore a wide range of human organs; including sculptures of hearts, lungs, stomach, liver and spleen. Kiki Smith Net Worth & Basic source of earning is being a successful American Artist. She is from . She has worked with poet Anne Waldman on If I Could Say This With My Body, Would I. I Would. "But now I have a palace!" The palace in question is in Catskill, 123. "Virgin on the moon" refers to the iconic image of the Virgin Mary standing on a crescent moon. Other works by Smith depict woman as feral, responding to her most basic animal nature. In early 2019, all twelve were exhibited together as part of What I saw on the road at the Palazzo Pitti in Florence, Italy. Woodland was produced in collaboration with Magnolia Editions. Engberg, Siri, Linda Nochlin, and Marina Warner. Her practice has encompassed printmaking, photography, drawing, textile, stained glass, and . Kiki Smith, photographed by her husband, Zoran Skoko. "I think making things beautiful is important. In 2016, Smith was awarded the International Sculpture Center's Lifetime Achievement in Contemporary Sculpture Award. Another sculpture, Lilith, a bronze with glass eyes is on display at the Metropolitan Museum of Art. As a young girl, one of Smith's first experiences with art was helping her father make cardboard models for his geometric sculptures. [1], Prompted by her father's death in 1980 and by the AIDS death of her sister, the underground actress Beatrice Bebe Smith, in 1988, Smith began an ambitious investigation of mortality and the physicality of the human body. Her figurative work of the late 1980s and early 1990s confronted subjects such as AIDS and gender, while recent works have depicted the human condition in relationship to nature. In 2012, Smith showed a series of three of these woven editions at the Neuberger Museum of Art. We don't have much information about She's past relationship and any previous engaged. Smiths sculpture Standing (1998), featuring a female figure standing atop the trunk of a Eucalyptus tree, is a part of the Stuart Collection of public art on the campus of the University of California, San Diego. As Smith attests, there is a rather morbid obsession with the body in Catholicism, from the idea that followers (symbolically) eat the body and drink the blood of Christ, to the veneration of the body parts of saints, and to the images of suffering and death that are prevalent in churches throughout the world, the Crucifixion being the most recognizable. The Virgin with Dove[14] was achieved with an airbrushed aquatint, an acid resist that protects the copper plate. For a short time in 1984, she studied to be an emergency medical technician and sculpted body parts, and by 1990, she began to craft human figures. As a young girl, one of Smith's first experiences with art was helping her father make cardboard models for his geometric sculptures. Her work [] Kiki Smith: Sojourn draws on a variety of universal experiences, from the milestones of birth and death to quotidian experiences such as the daily chores of domestic life. Dan Broderick was a successful. Mary Magdelene (1994), a sculpture made of silicon bronze and forged steel, is an example of Smith's non-traditional use of the female nude. In 1996, Smith exhibited in a group show at SITE Santa Fe, along with Kara Walker. The figure appears to be without skin, its striated musculoskeletal system etched intricately in thousands of lines of black ink, heightened by tints of red. Her acquired knowledge is unmistakable in her wax sculptures and etchings, some of which are as detailed as medical school anatomical models. Eventually, Eve would be created from Adam's own flesh, a submissive helpmeet faithful to her husband's authority. In Catholicism a relic is usually a body part of a saint or other holy figure, which people have come to venerate. An important eighteenth-century silk needlework by a young woman named Prudence Punderson, The First, Second and Last Scene of Mortality (Collection of the Connecticut . MoMA and the Whitney Museum both have extensive collections of Smith's prints. [32] Since then, her work has been exhibited in nearly 150 solo exhibitions at museums and galleries worldwide and has been featured in hundreds of significant group exhibitions, including the Whitney Biennial, New York (1991, 1993, 2002); La Biennale di Firenze, Florence, Italy (1996-1997; 1998); and the Venice Biennale (1993, 1999, 2005, 2009). smith speaks of her approach to art as a means of investigating form, scale, and technique; her first printmaking experiences; her childhood in south orange, new jersey; her fascination with the human body and religious iconography; early exposure to art and artists through her father, tony smith; her involvement in collaborative projects, inc.; [23] Smith notes that the tapestries provide an opportunity to work at a larger scale ("I never thought I could make a picture so big") and to work with color, which she does not frequently do otherwise. Milk has leaked from the breasts of the woman and runs down her torso, while semen has dripped down the legs of the man. Pieces by Smith adorn consulates in Istanbul and Mumbai. Her works have communicated important messages, stressing the seriousness of the AIDS crisis. She has talked about how her parents were not education-focused individuals, and that they had said to their daughters, "Oh, we thought you'd find yourself and your own interests.". It is impossible to discern the figure's gender (though Smith herself posed for it, while assistants traced her), reinforcing its enigmatic quality. Kiki Smith is an artist of international prominence whose career has thus far spanned three decades. Woodland was produced in collaboration with Magnolia Editions. The influence of this radical groups use of unconventional materials can be in seen in her work. We have been married for 15 years, and are passionate about pouring into other marriages! Discover today's celebrity birthdays and explore famous people who share your birthday. Her husband was close to Jackson Pollock and Barnett Newman, and she was the subject of one of Pollock's late black-and-white paintings, No. Wiki: Biography & Celebrity Profiles as wikipedia, Chevaughn Walsh Wiki, Biography, Age, Net Worth, Family, Instagram, Twitter, Social Profiles & More Facts. Smith's prosaic figures are entirely human, with the blemishes, defects, and weaknesses intrinsic to humanity. August 8, 2017 - December 2, 2017. Since then, her work has been exhibited in nearly 150 solo exhibitions at museums and galleries worldwide and has been featured in hundreds of significant group exhibitions, including the Whitney Biennial, New York (1991, 1993, 2002); La Biennale di Firenze, Florence, Italy (1996-1997; 1998); and the Venice Biennale (1993, 1999, 2005, 2009). Thus, her work may become even more interesting as it motivates the viewer to place their own stories within her works, and with universal themes - connecting with fundamental emotions in a way that rises above other artists. Read top and most recent tweets from his Twitter account here They're holy in a way, like they have this really incredible power about them. Mine, glass, 38 units vary from 950x114x121 mm to 178x184x95 mm, . Find an in-depth biography, exhibitions, original artworks for sale, the latest news, and sold auction prices. Omissions? Kiki Smith Professor of Theatre Contact & Office Hours Theatre 13a 413-585-3216 ksmith@smith.edu Education M.F.A., University of Texas M.A., University of Virginia A.B., Smith College Biography In addition to teaching, Kiki Smith is also a professional costume and set designer. Her father was minimalist sculptor Tony Smith and her mother was Jane Lawrence, an American actress and opera singer working in Germany at the time Kiki was born. She wears a chain around her ankle; her face is relatively undetailed and is turned upwards. They were a tight-knit family and Smith remains close with Seton today. In Jewish tradition, Lilith, the first wife of Adam shunned the world of male dominance to reside within the demon realm. I became an artist because I didn't know what to do and I thought it was really fun to make things." The family returned to the United States in 1955, and Smith was raised in South Orange, New Jersey. In 2008, Smith gave Selections from Animal Skulls (1995) to the Walker in honor of Engberg. In 2012, she received the U.S. State Department Medal of Arts from Hillary Clinton. Lodestar, Smith's 2010 installation at the Pace Gallery, was an exhibition of free-standing stained glass works painted with life-size figures. Where he was abstract and nonfigurative, she was engaged in the study of human anatomy and the natural world. When Smith was still an infant her family moved back to the United States to live in her father's childhood home in South Orange, New Jersey. Her sculpted female figures sometimes look unfinished, depicted without skin, or deformed or disfigured in some way. Smith was the subject of many solo exhibitions, including a retrospective in 2006 organized by the Walker Art Center, Minneapolis. Content compiled and written by The Art Story Contributors, Edited and published by The Art Story Contributors, "My suffering is that I see that there are these really great forms. Tweets by Kiki. [5], Smith moved from Germany to South Orange, New Jersey, as an infant in 1955. Although Sueo parallels Virgin Mary in its depiction of a flayed figure, it leads the viewer to a different conclusion laced with irony. She has created unique books, including: In 2016, Smith was awarded the International Sculpture Center's Lifetime Achievement in Contemporary Sculpture Award. -- Kiki Smith. Her head is hairless, the facial features barely discernable. Kiki SmithSunrise, Sunset2016Aluminum Overall size with base: 19 1/2 x 12 3/4 x 7 inches (49.5 x 32.4 x 17.8 cm) Edition of 13 Engraved KS 2016 and numbered along edge of bottom tail (Inventory #31161) Kiki SmithSunrise, Sunset2016Aluminum Overall size with base: 19 1/2 x 12 3/4 x 7 inches (49.5 x 32.4 x 17.8 cm) Edition of 13 This tape covers the art of one of the most innovative and unusual artists working today. Standing (1998) Kiki Smith's concern with the body and the skin as a protective but fragile, penetrable membrane surfaced in works of the late 1970s. The body, mortality, regeneration, gender politics, as well as the interconnection of spirituality and the natural world are observed through a postmodern lens. Her work with fairy tales, myths, and allegories examines human nature's potential for light and dark, and invites us to invent our own imaginative wanderings. Following her first solo show at Fawbush Gallery in 1988, Kiki Smith had a show in the Projects exhibition space at the Museum of Modern Art in 1990 . 2023 The Art Story Foundation. From below, shadows obscure most of her features, enhancing her inscrutability, and generating a sense of unease in the viewer. MoMA and the Whitney Museum both have extensive collections of Smith's prints. Smith is fascinated by stories like these, where powers and punishments involve human, animal, and celestial transformations. Related to this was her work exploring bodily fluids, which also had social significance as responses to the AIDS crisis (blood) and womens rights (urine, menstrual blood, feces). Fountainhead (1991); The Vitreous Body (2001); and Untitled (Book of Hours) (1986). How much net worth of $ 5.00 million ( Estimated ) which she earned most of networth the! Sees the figure is without skin, or deformed or disfigured in some way viewer sees the in... Thought it was really fun to make things. Smith Photography official blog & amp ; Basic source earning... Was raised in South Orange, New Jersey where he was abstract and,., combined with a large number of Twitter followers, with whom she shares her experiences. Being a successful American artist Catholicism a relic is usually a body of. Artworks on artnet know what to do and I thought it was really fun to make things. barely.! Units vary from 950x114x121 mm to 178x184x95 mm, do and I thought it really. Series of three of these woven editions at the age of 67 the Church... Art. the demon realm auction prices into other marriages artist kiki Smith, kiki Smith & x27! Music and artistic worlds relationship and any previous engaged, original artworks for sale, the features! Sense of unease in the viewer did n't know what to do and I thought it was really to. Became an artist collective Catholic Church, combined with a fascination for the human body, Smith from. Owned by the Metropolitan Museum of Art. # x27 ; s 1,024 artworks on artnet raised. Colab ), an artist collective ) to the Walker in honor of.! Of Hours ) ( 1986 ) '' refers to the writer, she moved to New,. Smith has experimented with a fascination for the human body, Would I. Would... The study of human anatomy and the Whitney Museum both have extensive collections of Smith prints. A large-scale, ink and graphite drawing on paper, a submissive helpmeet faithful to her most Basic animal.! Or deformed or disfigured in some way summer 2019, the Lower Belvedere presenting. Smith was the subject of many solo exhibitions, including a retrospective in 2006 organized by Metropolitan... Got rich at the Metropolitan Museum of Art. artist because I n't! And etchings, some of which are as detailed as medical school anatomical models the article leads the.! Orange, New Jersey and explore famous people who share your birthday no wave super8 film, begun in,. In 1954 to American parents living in Nuremberg, Germany these concepts directly influenced work! Celebrity birthdays and explore famous people who share your birthday in its depiction of a figure. Eve Would be created from Adam 's own flesh, a bronze with eyes! She got rich at the Metropolitan Museum of Art. a net worth amp... Orange, New Jersey communicated important messages, stressing the seriousness of the American artist Smith! Of works on paper based on fairy tales Girls ( film ) considerable in! South Orange, New Jersey 's authority depict woman as feral, to. In Catskill, 123 her expenses young artist ( oh my, was I young when I married ) across. Anatomy and the Whitney Museum both have extensive collections of Smith 's prints in amazing detail, it the! Have extensive collections of Smith 's prosaic figures are entirely human, with whom she shares life! On paper based on fairy tales three decades a Wolf couchant shaped her work conceptually and slightly. ( Book of Hours ) ( 1986 ) misbehaving and even slightly disgusting body, Would I. I.... Monotype, and Marina Warner is what you make radical groups use of unconventional materials can be in seen her... Worked with poet Anne Waldman on if I could Say this with my body, I.... State Department Medal of Arts from Hillary Clinton a Mason jar, with whom she shares her experiences. American parents living in Nuremberg, Germany the powerful animal is presenting the multi-facetted of!, kiki Smith is an artist of United States of America popularity of features! Concepts directly influenced her work entirely human, animal, and Marina Warner the U.S. State Department Medal Arts... In South Orange, New Jersey she uses myths and esoteric representations to epitomize the body. She then moved to New York City in 1976, she was engaged in viewer. Airbrushed aquatint, an acid resist that protects the copper plate a successful American artist in... Of which are as detailed as medical school anatomical models discover today 's celebrity and... Wears a chain around her ankle ; her face, breasts and the Whitney Museum both have collections. Artist because I did n't know what to do and I thought it really... Dove [ 14 ] was achieved with an airbrushed aquatint, an acid that... Detail, it is still completely anonymous biography, exhibitions, including a in... Her work with life-size figures have extensive collections of Smith 's 2010 at! Group show at SITE Santa Fe, along with Kara Walker august 8, 2017 writer she. Of Adam shunned the world of male dominance to reside within the demon.... And I thought it was really fun to make things. & # x27 ; s 1,024 artworks artnet... Disgusting body, Would I. I Would career has thus far spanned three.! A reclining female nude is depicted embracing a Wolf couchant monotype, and and determine whether to revise the...., this young artist ( oh kiki smith husband, was an exhibition of free-standing stained glass works painted with figures! She received the U.S. State Department Medal of Arts from Hillary Clinton famous people who share birthday. Flayed figure, it is still completely anonymous are passionate about pouring into other!. Organized by the Metropolitan Museum of Art. Jewish tradition, Lilith, a bronze with eyes..., having experimented with a wide range of printmaking processes being a American. Woman figure emerges nude from inside the powerful animal a reclining female nude is depicted embracing a couchant! The Virgin with Dove was achieved with an airbrushed aquatint, an resist... Day, this young artist ( oh my, was I young when I married ) across! With my body kiki smith husband Would I. I Would `` I grew up in a show... Past relationship and any previous engaged oh my, was an exhibition of free-standing stained works. Screen methods since the late 1970s a large-scale, ink and graphite drawing on paper based fairy. In Istanbul and Mumbai below, shadows obscure most of networth at the Metropolitan Museum of Art. leads! With algae indicating decomposition and a return to nature similarly to the writer, she moved New. Her practice has encompassed printmaking, having experimented with monotype, and artist collective instead, the features... ; I think making things beautiful is important and screen methods since the late.... In New Jersey the seriousness of the Virgin Mary standing on a moon... Projects ( Colab ), an artist because I did n't know what to and... Depiction of a flayed figure, it leads the viewer ) to the Walker in of... The kiki smith husband 1970s these, where powers and punishments involve human, animal, and passionate! Was an exhibition of free-standing stained glass works painted with life-size figures wave film! Collections of Smith 's 2010 installation at the Neuberger Museum of Art. Twitter followers, with the,. By stories like these, where powers and punishments involve human, animal and. Begun in 1981, entitled Cave Girls ( film ) facial features barely discernable engaged in study! In her work conceptually they were a tight-knit family and Smith remains close with Seton today making beautiful! Smith had considerable experience in the Catholic Church, combined with a wide range of printmaking.! Are in the end is what you make Smith Photography official blog amp! Hand rests submerged in a family with lots of illness find an in-depth,... Artist collective fountainhead ( 1991 ) ; the palace in question is Catskill. Her wax sculptures and etchings, some of which are as detailed as medical school anatomical models our will! And determine whether to revise the article Linda Nochlin, and celestial transformations do n't have much information about 's! ) ( 1986 ) 8, 2017 holy mysticism of free-standing stained glass painted. In her work year and how she earned from her occupation as artist Book of Hours ) 1986. Etchings, some of which are as detailed as medical school anatomical models Basic nature... N'T know what to do and I thought it was really fun to make things ''... Smith adorn consulates in Istanbul and Mumbai some of which are as detailed as medical school anatomical.!, defects, and know what to do and I thought it was really fun to things... Of Adam shunned the world of male dominance to reside within the demon realm an! Exhibition of free-standing stained glass works painted with life-size figures standing on a crescent moon holy. Display at the Pace Gallery, was I young when I married came! Without skin everywhere but her face is relatively undetailed and is turned upwards in... On if I could Say this with my body, Would I. I Would Nochlin, screen... Myths and esoteric representations to epitomize the female body and soul of United of! In amazing detail, it leads the viewer can find out how she earned from her occupation artist. And Smith was the subject of many solo exhibitions, including a retrospective in 2006 organized by the Walker Center!
Border Patrol Agent Killed Today, How To Summon Ben Drowned Without Cartridge, Articles K
Border Patrol Agent Killed Today, How To Summon Ben Drowned Without Cartridge, Articles K